İELTS VOCABULARY

Word: adoring fans

Meaning: people who love a particular band or singer

Word: background music

Meaning: music that is played while something else is happening

Word: a catchy tune

Meaning: a song that is easy to remember and makes you want to sing it

Word: classical music

Meaning: music that is regarded as part of a long, formal tradition

Word: to download tracks

Meaning: to obtain music from the Internet

Word: to have a great voice

Meaning: to sing well

Word: to go on tour

Meaning: to go on a planned series of performances around a region or country

Word: a huge following

Meaning: a large number of fans

Word: live music

Meaning: music that is listened to while it is performed (not recorded)

Word: live performance

Meaning: (see live music)

Word: a massive hit

Meaning: a record that sells lots of copies

Word: a music festival

Meaning: music performances at a venue often over several days

Word: musical talent

Meaning: skilled at music

Word: to be/sing out of tune

Meaning: to not be in harmony/to sing the wrong notes

Word: a piece of music

Meaning: an item of music

Word: to play by ear

Meaning: to play without reading the musical notes

Word: a pop group

Meaning: a small group of people who play or sing pop music together

Word: to read music

Meaning: to understand and follow written musical notes

Word: a rock band

Meaning: a group of musicians that play rock music

Word: to sing along to

Meaning: To join in singing.

To sing a piece of music while someone else is singing or playing it.

Word: a sing-song

Meaning: to sing informally, often with other people

Word: a slow number

Meaning: a song with a slow tempo

Word: to take up a musical instrument

Meaning: to begin learning a musical instrument

Word: taste in music

Meaning: the music someone likes

Word: to be tone deaf

Meaning: to be unable to distinguish the different notes in music

Word: boarded up shops

Meaning: shops that are no longer doing business

Word: chain stores

Meaning: well-known brands with shops in multiple cities

Word: to close down

Meaning: to stop doing business

Word: fashionable boutiques

Meaning: fashionable clothes shops

Word: to get around

Meaning: to travel around

Word: high-rise flats

Meaning: multi-story apartments

Word: inner-city

Meaning: the central part of a city where people live and where condidions are often poor

Word: in the suburbs

Meaning: the outer area of large towns and cities where people live

     ,  

Word: lively bars/restaurants

Meaning: bars or restaurants with a good atmosphere

Word: local facilities

Meaning: local buildings or services serving the public

Word: multi-story car parks

Meaning: car parks on several floors

Word: office block

Meaning: a large building that contains offices

Word: out of town shopping centre/retail park

Meaning: large shopping centres outside of the town or city

Word: pavement cafe

Meaning: cafes with tables outside on the pavement

Word: places of interest

Meaning: buildings that have a particular interest for visitors

Word: poor housing

Meaning: housing that is not in good condition

Word: public spaces

Meaning: areas in a town or city that are open to the public

Word: public transport system

Meaning:  public vehicles such as buses and trains that operate at regular times on fixed routes

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Word: residential area

Meaning: an area where people live

Word: run down

Meaning: old and of a poor standard

Word: shopping centre

Meaning: an area consisting of multiple shops

Word: shopping malls

Meaning: large indoor shopping centres

Word: sprawling city

Meaning: a city that has grown over time and which covers a wide area

Word: tourist attraction

Meaning: a place of interest to tourists

Word: traffic congestion

Meaning: heavy traffic making it difficult to move around a town or city

Word: upmarket shops

Meaning: expensive fashionable shops

Word: to bear a striking resemblance

Meaning: to look very similar to

Word: cropped hair

Meaning: very short hair

Word: disheveled hair

Meaning: untidy hair

Word: to dress up to the nines

Meaning: to dress very smartly or glamorously

Word: fair hair

Meaning: light-coloured hair

Word: to be fair-skinned

Meaning: light skinned

Word: to get done up

Meaning: to dress smartly

Word: to be getting on a bit

Meaning: to be getting old

Word: to go grey

Meaning: to have hair that is turning grey

Word: to be good looking

Meaning: to be attractive

Word: to grow old gracefully

Meaning: to act in a way that embraces the fact you are getting older

Word: to be hard of hearing

Meaning: to find it difficult to hear

Word: in his/her   / 

Meaning: to be   /  something

Word: scruffy

Meaning: dressed untidily

Word: to look young for your age

Meaning: to look younger than you are

Word: to lose one&#    ;s figure

Meaning: to have a figure that has lost its toned shape

Word: complexion

Meaning: natural skin colour and texture

Word: make up

Meaning: cosmetics

Word: medium height

Meaning: average height

Word: middle-aged

Meaning: approximately between   – 

Word: to never have a hair out of place

Meaning: perfectly styled hair

Word: to be overweight

Meaning: to weigh more than is regarded as healthy

Word: pointed face

Meaning: the opposite of a round face

Word: shoulder-length hair

Meaning: hair that comes down to the shoulders and no further

Word: slender figure

Meaning: a figue that is tall and slim

Word: slim figure

Meaning: attractively thin

Word: thick hair

Meaning: a lot of hair

Word: to wear glasses

Meaning: to use spectacles

Word: to be well-built

Meaning: to be muscular

Word: to be well-turned out

Meaning: to look smart

Word: youthful appearance

Meaning: to look young

Word: to balance the books

Meaning: to not spend more money than you are earning

Word: to be self-employed

Meaning: to work for yourself/to not work for an employer

     ,   

Word: to cold call

Meaning: to make a sales call to someone without asking them for permission first

Word: cut throat competition

Meaning: when one company lowers its prices, forcing other companies to do the same, sometimes to a point where business becomes unprofitable

Word: to do market research

Meaning: to do research into what potential customers would or wouldn&#    ;t buy

Word: to draw up a business plan

Meaning: to write a plan for a new business

Word: to drum up business

Meaning: to try to get customers

Word: to earn a living

Meaning: to earn money

Word: to go bust

Meaning: when a business is forced to close because it is unsuccessful

Word: cash flow

Meaning: the money coming in and going out of a business

Word: to go into business with

Meaning: to join another person to start or expand a business

Word: to go it alone

Meaning: to start your own business

Word: to go under

Meaning: (see &#    ;to go bust&#    😉

Word: to have a web presence

Meaning: to have a website or social  media profile that showcases your business

Word: to launch a product

Meaning: to start selling and promoting a new product

Word: to lay someone off

Meaning: when a company ends an employee&#    ;s contract of employment

Word: lifestyle business

Meaning: a business that is set up to bring in a sufficient income and no more

Word: to make a profit

Meaning: to earn more money than it costs to run the business

Word: niche business

Meaning: a business that serves a small, particular market

Word: to raise a company profile

Meaning: to make more people aware of a business

Word: to run your own business

Meaning: to have a business of your own

Word: sales figures

Meaning: a report of the income a company generates through sales of products or services

Word: to set up a business

Meaning: to start a business

Word: stiff competition

Meaning: strong competition from other companies in the same area of work

Word: to take on employees

Meaning: to employ people

Word: to take out a loan

Meaning: to borrow money

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Word: to win a contract

Meaning: when a business gets legally-binding work with an individual or company

Word: to work for yourself

Meaning: (see &#    ;to be self-employed&#    😉

Word: to be the life and soul of the party

Meaning: a fun person, someone who is the centre of activity

Word: to bend over backwards

Meaning: to try very hard to help someone

Word: broad-minded

Meaning: prepared to accept other views or behaviours

Word: easy-going

Meaning: relaxed and not easily worried about anything

Word: extrovert

Meaning: an energetic person who likes the company of others

Word: fair-minded

Meaning: to treat people equally

Word: fun-loving

Meaning: to enjoy having fun

Word: to hide one’s light under a bushel

Meaning: to hide one&#    ;s talents and skills

Word: good company

Meaning: enjoyable to socialise with

Word: good sense of humour

Meaning: the ability to understand what is funny

Word: introvert

Meaning: someone who is shy

Word: laid-back

Meaning: see &#    ;easy-going&#    ;

Word: to lose one’s temper

Meaning: to suddenly become angry

Word: narrow minded

Meaning: opposite of &#    ;broad-minded&#    ; (see above)

Word: painfully shy

Meaning: very shy

Word: to put others first

Meaning: to think of others before yourself

Word: quick-tempered

Meaning: to become angry quickly

Word: reserved

Meaning: shy

Word: self-assured

Meaning: confident

Word: self-centred

Meaning: thinks only of oneself

Word: self-confident

Meaning: believes in one&#    ;s own ability or knowledge

Word: self-effacing

Meaning: to not try to get the attention of others (especially in terms of hiding one&#    ;s skills or abilities)

Word: to take after

Meaning: to be like (often another member of the family)

Word: thick-skinned

Meaning:  not easily affected by criticism

Word: trustworthy

Meaning: can be trusted

Word: two-faced

Meaning: not honest or sincere. Will say one thing to someone to their face and another when they are not present.

Word: to be on trend

Meaning: to be very fashionable

Word: casual clothes

Meaning: not formal

Word: classic style

Meaning: a simple, traditional style that is always fashionable

Word: designer label

Meaning: a well-known company that makes (often expensive) clothing

Word: dressed to kill

Meaning: wearing clothes that attract admirers

Word: to dress for the occasion

Meaning: to wear clothes suitable for a particular event

Word: fashionable

Meaning: in fashion

Word: fashion house

Meaning: a company that sells (usually expensive) new styles in clothes

Word: fashion icon

Meaning: a person who is famous for their sense of fashion

Word: fashion show

Meaning: an event where modals show off the latest in fashion designs

Word: to get dressed up

Meaning: to put on nice clothes, often to go out somewhere special

Word: to go out of fashion

Meaning: to not be in fashion any more

Word: hand-me-downs

Meaning: clothes that are passed down from older brothers or sisters to their younger siblings

Word: to have an eye for (fashion)

Meaning: to be a good judge of

Word: to have a sense of style

Meaning: the ability to wear clothes that look stylish

     ,  

Word: the height of fashion

Meaning: very fashionable

Word: to keep up with the latest fashion

Meaning: to wear the latest fashions

Word: to look good in

Meaning: to wear something that suits you

Word: to mix and match

Meaning: to wear different styles or items of clothing that aren&#    ;t part of a set outfit

Word: must-have

Meaning: something that is highly fashionable and therefore in demand

Word: off the peg

Meaning: clothing that is ready made

Word: old fashioned

Meaning: not in fashion any more

Word: on the catwalk

Meaning: the stage that modals walk along to show off the latest fashions

Word: a slave to fashion

Meaning: someone who always feel the need to wear the latest fashions

Word: smart clothes

Meaning: the kind of clothes worn for a formal event

Word: to suit someone

Meaning: to look good on someone

Word: to take pride in one’s appearance

Meaning: to pay attention to how one looks

Word: timeless

Meaning: something that doesn&#    ;t go out of fashion

Word: vintage clothes

Meaning: clothes from an earlier period

Word: well-dressed

Meaning: to be dressed attractively

Word: (all the) mod cons

Meaning: technology at home that makes jobs easier such as a washing machine, dishwasher etc.

Word: apartment block

Meaning: a large building made up of smaller units of apartments

Word: back garden

Meaning: a garden at the rear of the house

Word: detached house

Meaning: a house that is not physically connected to another property

Word: to do up a property

Meaning: to repair an old building

Word: dream home

Meaning: a home you regard as perfect

Word: first-time buyer

Meaning: someone buying a property for the first time, especially when taking out a loan (mortgage)

Word: fully-furnished

Meaning: a rented property with all furniture included

Word: to get on the property ladder

Meaning: to buy a property with the aim of buying another bigger or more expensive one later in life

Word: hall of residence

Meaning: a college or university building where students live

Word: home comforts

Meaning: things that make a home feel comfortable to live in

     ,  

Word: house-hunting

Meaning: looking for a property to live in

Word: house-warming party

Meaning: a party to celebrate moving into a new home

Word: ideal home

Meaning: a perfect home

Word: to live on campus

Meaning: to live on the university or college grounds

Word: mobile home

Meaning: a home that can be moved by a vehicle or one that has its own engine

Word: to move into

Meaning: to begin to live in a property

Word: to own your own home

Meaning: to have bought the property you live in

Word: to pay rent in advance

Meaning: weekly or monthly rent paid at the beginning of the week or month

Word: permanent address

Meaning: a fixed address

Word: property market

Meaning: the buying and selling of land or buildings

Word: to put down a deposit

Meaning: to pay an amount of money as the first in a series of future payments

Word: rented accommodation

Meaning: property owned by someone else and for which a person pays a fixed amount to live in

     ,  

Word: single room

Meaning: a room for one person

Word: spacious room

Meaning: a large room

Word: student digs

Meaning: student accommodation

Word: the suburbs

Meaning: a residential area on the edge of towns or cities

Word: to take out a mortgage

Meaning: to borrow a large amount of money, paid back over several years, in order to buy a house

     , 

Word: terraced house

Meaning: a house connected on both sides by other properties

Word: an action movie

Meaning: a film with fast moving scenes, often containing violence

Word: to be engrossed in

Meaning: to be completely focused on one thing

Word: bedtime reading

Meaning: something to read in bed before you go to sleep

Word: to be a big reader

Meaning: someone who reads a lot

Word: to be based on

Meaning: to use as a modal

Word: a box office hit

Meaning: a financially successful film

Word: to be heavy-going

Meaning: difficult to read

Word: a blockbuster

Meaning: a film that is a big commercial success

Word: to catch the latest movie

Meaning: to see a film that has just come out

Word: the central character:

Meaning: the main person in a film or book

Word: a classic

Meaning: of the highest quality

Word: to come highly recommended

Meaning: to be praised by another person

Word: couldn’t put it down

Meaning: wasn&#    ;t able to stop reading a book

Word: an e-book

Meaning: a digital book

Word: an e-reader

Meaning: a device for reading e-books

Word: to flick through

Meaning: to look quickly through a book

Word: to get a good/bad review

Meaning: to receive positive or negative feedback

Word: to go on general release

Meaning: when a film can be seen by the general public

Word: hardback

Meaning: a book with a rigid cover (see &#    ;paperback&#    ; below)

Word: a historical novel

Meaning: a story set in the past

Word: a low budget film

Meaning: a film made with a small amount of money

Word: on the big screen

Meaning: at the cinema

Word: a page turner

Meaning: a book that you want to keep reading

Word: paperback

Meaning: a book with a flexible cover (see &#    ;hardback&#    ; above)

Word: plot

Meaning: the main events in a film or book

Word: to read something from cover to cover

Meaning: to read a book from the first page to the last

Word: sci-fi

Meaning: science fiction

Word: to see a film

Meaning: at the cinema (see &#    ;watch a film&#    ; below)

Word: the setting

Meaning: where the action takes place

Word: showings

Meaning: performances of a film

Word: soundtrack

Meaning: the music that accompanies a film

Word: special effects

Meaning: the visuals or sounds that are added to a film which are difficult to produce naturally

Word: to take ou t (a book from the library)

Meaning: to borrow a book from the library

Word: to tell the story of

Meaning: to outline the details of someone&#    ;s life or an event

Word: to watch a film

Meaning: on TV (see &#    ;to see a film&#    ; above)

Word: aches and pains

Meaning: minor pains that continue over a period of time

Word: to be a bit off colour

Meaning: to feel a little ill

Word: to be at death’s door

Meaning: (informal) to be very ill indeed

Word: to be on the mend

Meaning: to be recovering after an illness

Word: to be over the worst

Meaning: to have got through the most serious or uncomfortable stage of an illlness

Word: to be under the weather

Meaning: (informal) to not feel well

Word: a blocked nose

Meaning: when the nose has excess fluid due to a cold

Word: to catch a cold

Meaning: to get a cold

Word: a check-up

Meaning: a physical examination by a doctor

Word: a chesty cough

Meaning: a cough caused by congestion around the lungs

Word: cuts and bruises

Meaning: minor injuries

Word: to feel poorly

Meaning: to feel ill

Word: as fit as a fiddle

Meaning: to be very healthy

Word: to go down with a cold

Meaning: to become ill

Word: to go private

Meaning: to choose to be treated by commercial healthcare rather than by services offered by the state

Word: GP

Meaning: General Practitioner (family doctor)

Word: to have a filling

Meaning: to have a tooth repaired

Word: to have a tooth out

Meaning: to have a tooth removed

Word: a heavy cold

Meaning: a bad cold

Word: to make an appointment

Meaning: to arrange a time to see the doctor

Word: to make a speedy recovery

Meaning: to recover quickly from an illness

Word: to phone in sick

Meaning: to call work to explain you won&#    ;t be attending work due to illness

Word: prescription charges

Meaning: money the patient pays for medicine authorised by a doctor

Word: to pull a muscle

Meaning: to strain a muscle

Word: a runny nose

Meaning: a nose that has liquid coming out of it

Word: a sore throat

Meaning: inflammation that causes pain when swallowing

Word: to be called for an interview

Meaning: to be invited to attend an interview

Word: to be your own boss

Meaning: to have your own business

Word: a dead-end job

Meaning: a job with no promotional opportunities

Word: to do a job-share

Meaning: to share the weekly hours of work with another person

Word: a good team player

Meaning: somebody who can work well with other people

Word: full-time

Meaning: the number of hours that people usually work in a complete week

Word: a heavy workload

Meaning: to have a lot of work to do

Word: a high-powered job

Meaning: an important or powerful job

Word: holiday entitlement

Meaning: the number of days holiday allowed

Word: job satisfaction

Meaning: the feeling of enjoying a job

Word: manual work

Meaning: work that requires physical activity

Word: maternity leave

Meaning: time off work given to a woman about to have a baby

Word: to meet a deadline

Meaning: to finish a job by an agreed time

Word: a nine-to-five job

Meaning: a normal job that consists of an   hour day (approximately)

Word: one of the perks of the job

Meaning: an extra benefit you get from a job

Word: part-time

Meaning: working less than full-time

Word: to run your own business

Meaning:  = ‘to be your own boss’.

to have a business of your own

Word: to be self-employed

Meaning: see &#    ;to be your own boss&#    ;

Word: sick leave

Meaning: time allowed off work when sick

Word: to be stuck behind a desk

Meaning: to be unhappy in an office job

Word: to be/get stuck in a rut

Meaning: to be in a boring job that is hard to leave

Word: to take early retirement

Meaning: to retire early (retire: to reach an age when you are allowed to stop working for a living)

Word: temporary work

Meaning: work done for a limited time only

Word: voluntary work

Meaning: to work without pay

Word: to be well paid

Meaning: to earn a good salary

Word: working conditions

Meaning: the hours, salary and other entitlements that comes with the job

Word: to work with your hands

Meaning: to do manual work

Word: to attend classes

Meaning: to go to classes

Word: bachelors degree

Meaning: an undergraduate course which usually lasts  –  years

Word: boarding school

Meaning: a school where pupils live during term time

Word: distance learning

Meaning: a way of studying where tuition is carried out over the Internet or by post

Word: face-to-face classes

Meaning: as opposed to distance learning the traditional way of studying in a classroom with colleagues and a teacher

Word: to fall behind with your studies

Meaning: to progress less quickly than others

Word: to give feedback

Meaning: to offer guidance on a student&#    ;s work

Word: a graduation ceremony

Meaning: an event where a successful student receives his or her academic degree

Word: higher education

Meaning: education, usually in a college or university, that is followed after high school or secondary school

Word: an intensive course

Meaning: a course that offers lots of training in order to reach a goal in as short a time as possible

Word: to keep up with your studies

Meaning: to not fall behind

Word: to learn something by heart

Meaning: to memorize it

Word: a mature student

Meaning: a student who is older than average and who has usually returned to education after a period at work

Word: masters degree

Meaning: a period of study which often follows the completion of a bachelors degree or is undertaken by someone regarded as capable of a higher-level academic course

Word: to meet a deadline

Meaning: to finish a job or task in the time allowed or agreed

Word: to play truant

Meaning: to stay away from classes without permission

Word: private language school

Meaning: an independent school run as a business concern

Word: public schools

Meaning: exclusive independent schools in the UK

Word: a single-sex school

Meaning: a school where only boys or girls attend (as opposed to a mixed-sex school)

Word: to sit an exam

Meaning: to take an exam

Word: state school

Meaning: a school paid for by public funds and available to the general public

Word: subject specialist

Meaning: a teacher who has a great deal of knowledge about the subject they teach.

Word: to take a year out

Meaning: to spend a year working or travelling before starting university

Word: tuition fees

Meaning: the money paid for a course of study

Word: to work your way through university

Meaning: to have a paid job whilst studying to support yourself financially

Word: to be full up

Meaning: to eat to the point that you can no longer eat any more

Word: to be starving hungry

Meaning: an exaggerated way of saying you are very hungry

Word: to bolt something down

Meaning: to eat something very quickly

Word: to be dying of hunger

Meaning: an exaggerated way of saying you are hungry

Word: to eat a balanced diet

Meaning: to eat the correct types and amounts of food

Word: to eat like a horse

Meaning: to eat a lot

Word: to follow a recipe

Meaning: to cook a meal using instructions

Word: to foot the bill

Meaning: to pay the bill

Word: a fussy eater

Meaning: somebody who has their own very high standards about what to eat

Word: to grab a bite to eat

Meaning: to eat something quickly (when you&#    ;re in a rush)

Word: to have a sweet tooth

Meaning: to enjoy sugary food

Word: home-cooked food

Meaning: food cooked at home from individual ingredients

Word: the main meal

Meaning:   the most important meal of the day, usually eaten in the evening

Word: to make your mouth water

Meaning: to make you feel very hungry for something

Word: to play with your food

Meaning: to push food around the plate to avoid eating it

Word: processed food

Meaning: commercially prepared food bought for convenience

Word: a quick snack

Meaning: to eat a small amount of food between meals

Word: a ready meal

Meaning: see &#    ;processed food&#    ;

Word: a slap up meal

Meaning: a large meal

Word: to spoil your appetite

Meaning: to est something that will stop you feeling hungry when it&#    ;s meal-time.

Word: to tuck into

Meaning: to eat something with pleasure

Word: to wine and dine

Meaning: to entertain someone by treating them to food and drink

Word: to work up an appetite

Meaning: to do physical work that leads to you becoming hungry

Word: an athletics meeting

Meaning: an event where various athletics sports are held

Word: an athletics track

Meaning: a running track

Word: an away game

Meaning: a football match played in the opposing teams stadium

Word: a brisk walk

Meaning: a fast walk

Word: to do judo

Meaning: (not go or play)

Word: a football fan

Meaning: someone who likes football

Word: a fitness programme

Meaning: a schedule of activities to keep fit

Word: a football match

Meaning: a game of football

Word: a football pitch

Meaning: the surface on which you play football (as opposed to a stadium, which is the building)

Word: a football season

Meaning: a period in the year when football is played

Word: to get into shape

Meaning: to become fit

Word: to go jogging

Meaning: to run around the streets

Word: a home game

Meaning:   a football match played in the teams own stadium

Word: to keep fit

Meaning: to stay in good physically condition

Word: to be out of condition

Meaning: to not be physically fit

Word: a personal best

Meaning: to achieve the best personal result so far in a sport

Word: a personal trainer

Meaning: a sports coach that helps you on a one-to-one basis

Word: to play tennis/football

Meaning: (not do or go)

Word: to run the marathon

Meaning: to run a distance of   .    Kilometres

Word: a season ticket

Meaning: a ticket that gives you entry to most of a team’s home games during the sporting year.

Word: to set a record

Meaning: to achieve the best result in a sport

Word: a sports centre

Meaning: a public building where people can do various sports

Word: sports facilities

Meaning: the equipment and services needed to do a sport

Word: a squash/tennis/badminton court

Meaning: the surface where you play these sports

Word: strenuous exercise

Meaning: exercise that needs a lot of physical effort

Word: a strong swimmer

Meaning: a good swimmer

Word: a swimming pool

Meaning: the place where you swim

Word: to take up exercise

Meaning: to start doing exercise

Word: to train hard

Meaning: to train with a lot of effort

Word: to access websites/email

Meaning: to locate

     ,  

Word: to back up files

Meaning: to make a copy of files in case of a computer problem

Word: to boot up

Meaning: to start a computer

Word: to bookmark a webpage

Meaning: to mark a webpage for future reference

Word: to browse websites

Meaning: to look at websites

Word: a computer buff

Meaning: an expert computer user

Word: to crash

Meaning: to suddenly stop working

     ,  

Word: to cut and paste

Meaning: to move text or images from one place in a document to another place

Word: a desktop PC

Meaning: a computer that isn&#    ;t portable and remains in situ on a desk

Word: digital editing

Meaning: to edit digital materials like audio or video files

Word: download (podcasts)

Meaning: to save a copy of a file from the internet to your own device

Word: to enter a web address

Meaning: to type the address of a website into the address bar of your browser

Word: a gadget

Meaning: a technological tool like a mobile phone or camera

Word: to go online

Meaning: to start using the Internet

Word: high-spec (laptop)

Meaning: powerful computer with top quality components

Word: Internet security

Meaning: Internet safety

Word: intranet

Meaning: a network of connected computers within an organisation that is not accessible by unauthorised visitors

Word: to navigate a website

Meaning: to find your way around a website

Word: operating system

Meaning: the software that tells the computer how to work

Word: send an attachment

Meaning: send an email with an accompanying file

Word: social media

Meaning: media used to interact with other people such as Facebook or Twitter

Word: to surf the web

Meaning: to look at a series of websites one after the other

Word: a techie

Meaning: somebody who has an interest in technology

Word: to upgrade

Meaning: to obtain a more powerful or feature-rich computer or piece of software

Word: video conferencing

Meaning: to see and hear people from different locations using the Internet

Word: wireless hotspot

Meaning: a public place where you can access the Internet

Word: wireless network

Meaning: a network where users can access the Internet without the use of fixed cables

Word: word processing

Meaning: None

Word: to break up

Meaning: to end a romantic relationship

Word: to drift apart

Meaning: to become less close to someone

Word: to enjoy someone&#    ;s company

Meaning: to like spending time with someone

    0

Word: to fall for

Meaning: to fall in love

Word: to fall head over heels in love

Meaning: to start to love someone a lot

Word: to fall out with

Meaning: to have a disagreement and stop being friends

    0

Word: to get on like a house on fire

Meaning: to like someone&#    ;s company very much indeed

Word: to get on well with

Meaning: to understand someone and enjoy similar interests

Word: to get to know

Meaning: to begin to know someone

Word: to go back years

Meaning: to have known someone for a long time

Word: to have a lot in common

Meaning: to share similar interests

Word: to have ups and downs

Meaning: to have good and bad times

Word: a healthy relationship

Meaning: a good, positive relationship

Word: to hit it off

Meaning: to quickly become good friends with

Word: to be in a relationship

Meaning: to be romantically involved with someone

Word: to be just good friends

Meaning: to not be romantically involved

Word: to keep in touch with

Meaning: to keep in contact with

Word: to lose touch with

Meaning: to not see or hear from someone any longer

Word: love at first sight

Meaning: to fall in love immediately you meet someone

Word: to pop the question

Meaning: to ask someone to marry you

Word: to see eye to eye on

Meaning: to agree on a subject

    0

Word: to settle down

Meaning: to give up the single life and start a family

Word: to strike up a relationship

Meaning:  to begin a friendship

Word: to tie the knot

Meaning: to get married

Word: to be well matched

Meaning: to be similar to

Word: to work at a relationship

Meaning: to try to maintain a positive relationship with someone

Word: all-in package/package holiday

Meaning: a holiday where you purchase the travel and accommodation together

     ,  

Word: breathtaking view

Meaning: an extremely beautiful view

Word: charter-flight

Meaning: a cheaper form of flying than a scheduled flight

Word: check-in desk

Meaning: the place at the airport where you register for your flight and deposit your luggage

Word: departure lounge

Meaning: where you wait for your flight to be called

Word: far-off destination

Meaning: somewhere a long way away

Word: to get away from it all

Meaning: to take a holiday to escape a busy or stressful lifestyle

Word: guided tour

Meaning: an organised group shown around a place of interest by an expert

Word: holiday brochure

Meaning: a glossy publication with details of holiday packages

Word: holiday destination

Meaning: where you go for a holiday

Word: holiday of a lifetime

Meaning: a special holiday that you are unlikely to repeat

Word: holiday resort

Meaning: a place where lots of people go for a holiday

Word: hordes of tourists

Meaning: crowds of tourists

Word: local crafts

Meaning: objects produced locally

Word: long weekend

Meaning: an extended weekend holiday including Friday or Monday

Word: out of season

Meaning: outside of the main holiday period

Word: picturesque village

Meaning: very pretty village

Word: passport control

Meaning: the place where your passport is checked

Word: places of interest

Meaning: sites of interest to tourists

Word: wildlife safari

Meaning: a holiday, often in Africa, to observe wild animals

Word: self-catering

Meaning: a holiday where you supply your own food

Word: short break

Meaning: a short holiday

Word: to go sightseeing

Meaning:  to look around the tourist sites

Word: stunning landscape

Meaning: extremely beautiful countryside

Word: travel agent

Meaning: a shop that specialises in booking holidays

Word: tourist trap

Meaning: somewhere where too many tourists go

Word: youth hostel

Meaning: a cheap form of accommodation

Word: nine-to-five job

Meaning: Relating to, or during the workday, especially the hours from   a.m. to   p.m. when offices are characteristically open for business.

A job with normal daytime hours.

Word: analyse

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to examine the nature or structure of something, especially by separating it into its parts, in order to understand or explain it<p><i><b>analyse something </b><br>The job involves gathering and analysing data.</i></p><p><i>He tried to analyse his feelings.</i></p><p><i>The first step is to define and analyse the problem.</i></p><p><i><b>analyse what, how, etc… </b><br>We need to analyse what went wrong.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>analyse somebody =  psychoanalyse</li></ul>

Word: analysis

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the detailed study or examination of something in order to understand more about it; the result of the study<p><i>statistical analysis</i></p><p><i>The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes.</i></p><p><i>At the meeting they presented a detailed analysis of twelve schools in a London borough.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   a careful examination of a substance in order to find out what it consists of<p><i>The blood samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis .</i></p><p><i>You can ask for a chemical analysis of your tap water.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   =  psychoanalysis<p><i>In analysis the individual resolves difficult emotional conflicts.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: analyst

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person whose job involves examining facts or materials in order to give an opinion on them see also  systems analyst<p><i>a political/food analyst</i></p><p><i>City analysts forecast huge profits this year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>=  psychoanalyst</li></ul>

Word: analytic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( isolating ) ( linguistics ) ( of languages )  using word order rather than word endings to show the functions of words in a sentence compare  synthetic  ,  agglutinative   ,</li><li><b> . </b>=  analytical</li></ul>

Word: analytical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>using a logical method of thinking about something in order to understand it, especially by looking at all the parts separately<p><i>She has a clear analytical mind.</i></p><p><i>an analytic approach to the problem</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>using scientific analysis in order to find out about something<p><i>analytical methods of research</i></p></li></ul>

Word: analyze

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) =  analyse</li></ul>

Word: approach

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a way of dealing with somebody/something; a way of doing or thinking about something such as a problem or a task<p><i>She took the wrong approach in her dealings with them.</i></p><p><i><b>approach to something </b><br>The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   movement nearer to somebody/something in distance or time<p><i>She hadn’t heard his approach and jumped as the door opened.</i></p><p><i>the approach of spring</i></p><p><i>They felt apprehensive about the approach of war.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the act of speaking to somebody about something, especially when making an offer or a request<p><i>The club has made an approach  to a local company for sponsorship.</i></p><p><i>She resented his persistent approaches.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a path, road, etc. that leads to a place<p><i>All the approaches to the palace were guarded by troops.</i></p><p><i>a new approach road to the port</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the part of an aircraft’s flight immediately before landing<p><i>to begin the final approach to the runway</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   a thing that is like something else that is mentioned<p><i>That’s the nearest approach  to an apology you’ll get from him.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: approachable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>friendly and easy to talk to; easy to understand<p><i>Despite being a big star, she’s very approachable.</i></p><p><i>an approachable piece of music</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   that can be reached by a particular route or from a particular direction<p><i>The summit was approachable only from the south.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: area

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   part of a place, town, etc, or a region of a country or the world see also  catchment area  ,  conservation area  ,  development area  ,  no-go area   ,  ,  ,<p><i>mountainous/desert areas</i></p><p><i>rural/urban/inner-city areas</i></p><p><i>There is heavy traffic in the downtown area tonight.</i></p><p><i>She knows the local area  very well.</i></p><p><i>John is the London area manager.</i></p><p><i>Wreckage from the plane was scattered over a wide area .</i></p><p><i>The farm and surrounding area  were flooded.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a part of a room, building or particular space that is used for a special purpose see also  rest area  ,  service area   ,<p><i>the hotel reception area</i></p><p><i>a play/parking/dining area</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a particular place on an object<p><i>Move the cursor to a blank area of the computer screen.</i></p><p><i>The tumour had not spread to other areas of the body.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   area (of something) a particular subject or activity, or an aspect of it see also  grey area<p><i>the areas of training and development</i></p><p><i>Finance is Mark’s area.</i></p><p><i>The big growth area  of recent years has been in health clubs.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the amount of space covered by a flat surface or piece of land, described as a measurement<p><i>the area of a triangle</i></p><p><i>The room is    square metres in area.</i></p><p><i>Britain occupies a total area of       square miles.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( ) =  penalty area<p><i>He shot from just outside the area.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assess

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to make a judgement about the nature or quality of somebody/something<p><i><b>assess somebody/something </b><br>It’s difficult to assess the effects of these changes.</i></p><p><i>to assess a patient’s needs</i></p><p><i>Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates.</i></p><p><i><b>assess somebody/something as something </b><br>The young men were assessed as either safe or unsafe drivers.</i></p><p><i>I’d assess your chances as low.</i></p><p><i><b>assess whether, how, etc… </b><br>The committee assesses whether a building is worth preserving.</i></p><p><i>We are trying to assess how well the system works.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to calculate the amount or value of something Synonym   estimate<p><i><b>assess something </b><br>They have assessed the amount of compensation to be paid.</i></p><p><i><b>assess something at something </b><br>Damage to the building was assessed at £ 0000.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assessment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   an opinion or a judgement about somebody/something that has been thought about very carefully Synonym   evaluation<p><i>a detailed assessment of the risks involved</i></p><p><i>his assessment of the situation</i></p><p><i>An adequate environmental impact assessment was not carried out on the bypass project.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of judging or forming an opinion about somebody/something see also  continuous assessment<p><i>written exams and other forms of assessment</i></p><p><i>Objective assessment of the severity of the problem was difficult.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an amount that has been calculated and that must be paid<p><i>a tax assessment</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assume

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it<p><i><b>assume (that)… </b><br>It is reasonable to assume (that)  the economy will continue to improve.</i></p><p><i>Let us assume  for a moment that the plan succeeds.</i></p><p><i>She would, he assumed, be home at the usual time.</i></p><p><i><b>it is assumed (that)… </b><br>It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work.</i></p><p><i><b>assume something </b><br>Don’t always assume the worst (= that something bad has happened) .</i></p><p><i>In this example we have assumed a unit price of $ 0.</i></p><p><i><b>assume somebody/something to be/have something </b><br>I had assumed him to be a Belgian.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>assume something ( )  to take or begin to have power or responsibility Synonym   take<p><i>The court assumed responsibility for the girl’s welfare.</i></p><p><i>Rebel forces have assumed control of the capital.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>assume something ( )  to begin to have a particular quality or appearance Synonym   take on<p><i>This matter has assumed considerable importance.</i></p><p><i>In the story the god assumes the form of an eagle.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>assume something ( )  to pretend to have a particular feeling or quality Synonym   put on<p><i>He assumed an air of concern.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assumed

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   that you suppose to be true or to exist<p><i>the assumed differences between the two states</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assuming

Meaning: <ul><li>assuming (that) used to suppose that something is true so that you can talk about what the results might be<p><i>Assuming (that) he’s still alive, how old would he be now?</i></p><p><i>I hope to go to college next year, always assuming  I pass my exams.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assumption

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof<p><i>an underlying/implicit assumption</i></p><p><i>We need to challenge some of the basic assumptions of Western philosophy.</i></p><p><i>We are working on the assumption that  everyone invited will turn up.</i></p><p><i>It was impossible to make assumptions about  people’s reactions.</i></p><p><i>His actions were based on a false assumption.</i></p><p><i>She arrived at college with a whole set of assumptions inherited from her family.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   assumption of something ( )  the act of taking or beginning to have power or responsibility<p><i>their assumption of power/control</i></p><p><i>the assumption of responsibility by the government for the disaster</i></p></li></ul>

Word: authoritative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>showing that you expect people to obey and respect you<p><i>an authoritative tone of voice</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>that you can trust and respect as true and correct<p><i>the most authoritative book on the subject</i></p></li></ul>

Word: authority

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the power to give orders to people<p><i>in a position of authority</i></p><p><i>She now has authority over  the people who used to be her bosses.</i></p><p><i>Nothing will be done because no one in authority (= who has a position of power)  takes the matter seriously.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   authority (to do something) the power or right to do something<p><i>Only the manager has the authority to sign cheques.</i></p><p><i>We have the authority to search this building.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   official permission to do something<p><i>It was done without the principal’s authority.</i></p><p><i>We acted under the authority of  the UN.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   the people or an organization who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region see also  local authority<p><i>The health authorities are investigating the problem.</i></p><p><i>I have to report this to the authorities.</i></p><p><i>the immigration authorities</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the power to influence people because they respect your knowledge or official position<p><i>He spoke with authority  on the topic.</i></p><p><i>the moral authority to run the country</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   authority (on something) a person with special knowledge Synonym   specialist<p><i>She’s an authority on criminal law.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: available

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of things )  that you can get, buy or find<p><i>available resources/facilities</i></p><p><i>readily/freely/publicly/generally available</i></p><p><i>Tickets are available free of charge from the school.</i></p><p><i>When will the information be made available ?</i></p><p><i>Further information is available on request.</i></p><p><i>This was the only room available.</i></p><p><i>We’ll send you a copy as soon as it becomes available .</i></p><p><i>Every available doctor was called to the scene.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  free to see or talk to people<p><i>Will she be available this afternoon?</i></p><p><i>The director was not available for comment.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: beneficial

Meaning: <ul><li>beneficial (to something/somebody) ( )  improving a situation; having a helpful or useful effect Synonym   advantageous   ,  favourable    ,  Opposite   detrimental<p><i>A good diet is beneficial to health.</i></p><p><i>They finally came to a mutually beneficial agreement.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: beneficiary

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>beneficiary (of something) a person who gains as a result of something<p><i>Who will be the main beneficiary of the cuts in income tax?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>beneficiary (of something) a person who receives money or property when somebody dies<p><i>She was the sole beneficiary of her father’s will.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: benefit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   benefit somebody to be useful to somebody or improve their life in some way<p><i>We should spend the money on something that will benefit everyone.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   benefit (from/by something) to be in a better position because of something<p><i>Who exactly stands to benefit  from these changes?</i></p><p><i>Most crime victims benefit greatly by talking about their experiences.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indicator

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a sign that shows you what something is like or how a situation is changing<p><i>The economic indicators are better than expected.</i></p><p><i>These atmospheric waves are a reliable indicator of weather changes.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a device on a machine that shows speed, pressure, etc<p><i>a depth indicator</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( turn signal ) ( blinker ,  ) a light on a vehicle that flashes to show that the vehicle is going to turn left or right<p><i>Her right-hand indicator was flashing.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: concept

Meaning: <ul><li>  an idea or a principle that is connected with something abstract<p><i><b>concept (of something) </b><br>the concept of social class</i></p><p><i>concepts such as ‘civilization’ and ‘government’</i></p><p><i>He can’t grasp the basic concepts of mathematics.</i></p><p><i><b>concept (that…) </b><br>the concept that everyone should have equality of opportunity</i></p><p><i>a new concept in teaching</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conception

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of forming an idea or a plan<p><i>The plan was brilliant in its conception but failed because of lack of money.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   conception (of something) |  conception (that…) an understanding or a belief of what something is or what something should be<p><i>Marx’s conception of social justice</i></p><p><i>He has no conception of  how difficult life is if you’re unemployed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the process of an egg being fertilized  inside a woman’s body so that she becomes pregnant<p><i>the moment of conception</i></p><p><i>A child is born about   weeks after conception takes place.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conceptual

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) related to or based on ideas<p><i>a conceptual framework within which children’s needs are assessed</i></p><p><i>a conceptual model</i></p><p><i>conceptually similar/distinct</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conceptualize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     conceptualize something (as something) ( )  to form an idea of something in your mind<p><i>These people do not conceptualize hunting as a violent act.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consist

Meaning: <ul><li>  ( not used in the progressive tenses ) ( )  to have something as the main or only part or feature to be formed from the things or people mentioned<p><i>The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings.</i></p><p><i><b>consist in something doing something </b><br>True education does not consist in simply being taught facts.</i></p><p><i>The committee consists of ten members.</i></p><p><i>Their diet consisted largely of vegetables.</i></p><p><i><b>consist of somebody/something doing something </b><br>Most of the fieldwork consisted of making tape recordings.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consistency

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same opinions, standard, etc; the quality of being consistent  Opposite   inconsistency<p><i>She has played with great consistency all season.</i></p><p><i>We need to ensure the consistency of service to our customers.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the consistency  of a mixture or a liquid substance is how thick, smooth, etc. it is<p><i>Beat the ingredients together to a creamy consistency.</i></p><p><i>The cement should have the consistency of wet sand.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consistent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  always behaving in the same way, or having the same opinions, standards, etc<p><i>She’s not very consistent in the way she treats her children.</i></p><p><i>He has been Milan’s most consistent (= most consistently good)  player this season.</i></p><p><i>We must be consistent in applying the rules.</i></p><p><i>a consistent approach to the problem</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>happening in the same way and continuing for a period of time<p><i>the party’s consistent failure to come up with any new policies</i></p><p><i>a pattern of consistent growth in the economy</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>consistent with something in agreement with something; not contradicting  something<p><i>The results are entirely consistent with our earlier research.</i></p><p><i>injuries consistent with a fall from an upper storey (= similar to those such a fall would have caused)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of an argument or a set of ideas )  having different parts that all agree with each other<p><i>a well-thought-out and consistent argument</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constituency

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )    countable   a district that elects its own representative to parliament<p><i>Unemployment is high in her constituency.</i></p><p><i>He owns a house in his Darlington constituency.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   the people who live in and vote in a particular district<p><i>constituency opinion</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   a particular group of people in society who are likely to support a person, an idea or a product<p><i>There is a strong constituency of support for his proposal.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constituent

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   ( )  forming or helping to make a whole<p><i>to break something up into its constituent parts/elements</i></p><p><i>the country’s constituent republics</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constitute

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>+ noun ( not used in the progressive tenses )  to be considered to be something<p><i>Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence?</i></p><p><i>The increase in racial tension constitutes a threat to our society.</i></p><p><i>His action was interpreted as constituting a threat to the community.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>+ noun ( not used in the progressive tenses )  to be the parts that together form something Synonym   make up<p><i>Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  usually passive   constitute something to form a group legally or officially Synonym   establish   ,  set up    ,<p><i>The committee was constituted in      by an Act of Parliament.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constitution

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   the system of laws and basic principles that a state, a country or an organization is governed by<p><i>your right to vote under the constitution</i></p><p><i>According to the constitution…</i></p><p><i>to propose a new amendment to the Constitution</i></p><p><i>the South African Constitution</i></p><p><i>A two-thirds majority is needed to amend the club’s constitution.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the condition of a person’s body and how healthy it is<p><i>to have a healthy/strong/weak constitution</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( )  the way something is formed or organized Synonym   structure<p><i>the genetic constitution of cells</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the act of forming something Synonym   establishment   ,  setting up    ,<p><i>He recommended the constitution of a review committee.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constitutional

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  a short walk that people take because it is good for their health</li></ul>

Word: constitutional

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the constitution  of a country or an organization<p><i>constitutional government/reform</i></p><p><i>a constitutional amendment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>allowed or limited by the constitution  of a country or an organization Opposite   unconstitutional<p><i>They can’t pass this law. It’s not constitutional.</i></p><p><i>constitutional rights</i></p><p><i>a constitutional monarchy (= a country with a king or queen whose power is controlled by a set of laws and basic principles)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   related to the body’s ability to stay healthy, be strong and fight illness<p><i>constitutional remedies</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constitutive

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  constitutive (of something) forming a part, often an essential part, of something<p><i>Memory is constitutive of identity.</i></p><p><i>Poverty is a constitutive element of a particular form of economic growth.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: context

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the situation in which something happens and that helps you to understand it<p><i>This speech needs to be set in the context of  Britain in the     .</i></p><p><i>His decision can only be understood in context .</i></p><p><i>Such databases are being used in a wide range of contexts.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the words that come just before and after a word, phrase or statement and help you to understand its meaning<p><i>You should be able to guess the meaning of the word from the context.</i></p><p><i>This quotation has been taken out of context (= repeated without giving the circumstances in which it was said) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contextual

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) connected with a particular context<p><i>contextual information</i></p><p><i>contextual clues to the meaning</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contextualize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     contextualize something ( )  to consider something in relation to the situation in which it happens or exists ,    uncountable  </li></ul>

Word: contract

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to become less or smaller; to make something become less or smaller Opposite   expand<p><i>Glass contracts as it cools.</i></p><p><i>The universe is expanding rather than contracting.</i></p><p><i>a contracting market</i></p><p><i>The heart muscles contract to expel the blood.</i></p><p><i><b>contract something </b><br>The exercise consists of stretching and contracting the leg muscles.</i></p><p><i><b>contract something to something </b><br>‘I will’ and ‘I shall’ are usually contracted to ‘I’ll’ (= made shorter) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   contract something ( medical )  to get an illness<p><i>to contract AIDS/a virus/a disease</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to make a legal agreement with somebody for them to work for you or provide you with a service<p><i><b>contract somebody to do something </b><br>The player is contracted to play until August.</i></p><p><i><b>contract somebody (to something) </b><br>Several computer engineers have been contracted to the finance department.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   contract to do something to make a legal agreement to work for somebody or provide them with a service<p><i>She has contracted to work   hours a week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( )  to formally agree to marry somebody/form an alliance  with somebody</li></ul>

Word: contractor

Meaning: <ul><li>a person or company that has a contract to do work or provide goods or services for another company<p><i>a building/haulage, etc. contractor</i></p><p><i>to employ an outside contractor</i></p></li></ul>

Word: create

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>create something to make something happen or exist<p><i>Scientists disagree about how the universe was created.</i></p><p><i>The main purpose of industry is to create wealth.</i></p><p><i>The government plans to create more jobs for young people.</i></p><p><i>Create a new directory and put all your files into it.</i></p><p><i>Try this new dish, created by our head chef.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>create something to produce a particular feeling or impression<p><i>The company is trying to create a young energetic image.</i></p><p><i>The announcement only succeeded in creating confusion.</i></p><p><i>The reorganization has created a lot of bad feeling.</i></p><p><i>They’ve painted it red to create a feeling of warmth.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to give somebody a particular rank or title<p><i><b>create something </b><br>The government has created eight new peers.</i></p><p><i><b>create something + noun </b><br>He was created a baronet in     .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: creation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act or process of making something that is new, or of causing something to exist that did not exist before see also  job creation<p><i>the process of database creation</i></p><p><i>wealth creation</i></p><p><i>He had been with the company since its creation in     .</i></p><p><i>The committee proposed the creation of a new Chair of Portuguese for the university.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a thing that somebody has made, especially something that shows ability or imagination<p><i>a literary creation</i></p><p><i>The cake was a delicious creation of sponge, cream and fruit.</i></p><p><i>The bright murals in the children’s ward were the creations of the nurses.</i></p><p><i>What an amazing creation (= a very unusual and new piece of clothing)  you’re wearing!</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   the making of the world, especially by God as described in the Bible</li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the world and all the living things in it</li></ul>

Word: creative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a person who is creative<p><i>The exhibition features the paintings of local creatives.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   creative  ideas or material<p><i>We need to produce better creative if we want to attract big clients.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: creative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   involving the use of skill and the imagination to produce something new or a work of art<p><i>a course on creative writing (= writing stories, plays and poems)</i></p><p><i>the creative and performing arts</i></p><p><i>creative thinking (= thinking about problems in a new way or thinking of new ideas)</i></p><p><i>the company’s creative team</i></p><p><i>the creative process</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>having the skill and ability to produce something new, especially a work of art; showing this ability<p><i>She’s very creative—she writes poetry and paints.</i></p><p><i>Do you have any ideas? You’re the creative one.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: creator

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a person who has made or invented a particular thing<p><i>Walt Disney, the creator of Mickey Mouse</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   God</li></ul>

Word: data

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  plural   facts or information, especially when examined and used to find out things or to make decisions<p><i>This data was collected from    countries.</i></p><p><i>the analysis/interpretation of the data</i></p><p><i>raw data (= that has not been analysed)</i></p><p><i>demographical/historical/personal data</i></p><p><i>These data show that most cancers are detected as a result of clinical follow-up.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   information that is stored by a computer<p><i>data retrieval (= ways of storing or finding information on a computer)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: define

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is<p><i><b>define something </b><br>The term ‘mental illness’ is difficult to define.</i></p><p><i><b>define something as something </b><br>Life imprisonment is defined as   years under state law.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to describe or show something accurately<p><i><b>define something </b><br>We need to define the task ahead very clearly.</i></p><p><i>The difficulty of a problem was defined in terms of  how long it took to complete.</i></p><p><i><b>define what, how, etc… </b><br>It is difficult to define what makes him so popular.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>define something to show clearly a line, shape or edge<p><i>The mountain was sharply defined  against the sky.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: definition

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   an explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase, especially in a dictionary; the act of stating the meanings of words and phrases<p><i>clear simple definitions</i></p><p><i>Neighbours by definition  live close by (= this is what being a neighbour means) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   what an idea, etc. means<p><i>What’s your definition of happiness?</i></p><p><i>There is no agreed definition of what a comprehensive school should be.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the quality of being clear and easy to see<p><i>The definition of the digital TV pictures is excellent.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: derivation

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   the origin or development of something, especially a word<p><i>a word of Greek derivation</i></p></li></ul>

Word: derivative

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  copied from something else; not having new or original ideas<p><i>a derivative design/style</i></p><p><i>I found the novel thin and derivative. I had expected more.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: derive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  to get something from something<p><i>He derived great pleasure from painting.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical )  to obtain a substance from something<p><i>The new drug is derived from fish oil.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: disestablish

Meaning: <ul><li>disestablish something ( )  to end the official status of a national Church   uncountable  <p><i>a campaign to disestablish the Church of England</i></p></li></ul>

Word: dissimilar

Meaning: <ul><li>dissimilar (from/to somebody/something) ( )  not the same Opposite   similar      countable ,  uncountable  <p><i>These wines are not dissimilar (= are similar) .</i></p><p><i>The two languages are completely dissimilar from each other.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: distribute

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to give things to a large number of people; to share something between a number of people<p><i><b>distribute something </b><br>The newspaper is distributed free.</i></p><p><i><b>distribute something to somebody/something </b><br>The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims.</i></p><p><i><b>distribute something among somebody/something </b><br>The money was distributed among schools in the area.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>distribute something to send goods to shops/stores and businesses so that they can be sold<p><i>Who distributes our products in the UK?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   distribute something to spread something, or different parts of something, over an area<p><i>Make sure that your weight is evenly distributed.</i></p><p><i>Cases of the disease are widely distributed through Europe.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: distribution

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the way that something is shared or exists over a particular area or among a particular group of people<p><i>the unfair distribution of wealth</i></p><p><i>The map shows the distribution of this species across the world.</i></p><p><i>They studied the geographical distribution of the disease.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of giving or delivering something to a number of people<p><i>the distribution of food and medicines to the flood victims</i></p><p><i>He was arrested on drug distribution charges.</i></p><p><i>Electronic media make the potential for information distribution possible on a scale never before achieved.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( business )  the system of transporting and delivering goods<p><i>distribution costs</i></p><p><i>worldwide distribution systems</i></p><p><i>marketing, sales and distribution</i></p></li></ul>

Word: distributive

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   ( business ) connected with distribution of goods</li></ul>

Word: distributor

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person or company that supplies goods to shops/stores, etc<p><i>Japan’s largest software distributor</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a device in an engine that sends electric current to the spark plugs</li></ul>

Word: economic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the trade, industry and development of wealth of a country, an area or a society<p><i>social, economic and political issues</i></p><p><i>economic growth/cooperation/development/reform</i></p><p><i>the government’s economic policy</i></p><p><i>economic history</i></p><p><i>the current economic climate</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a process, a business or an activity )  producing enough profit to continue Synonym   profitable    Opposite   uneconomic</li></ul>

Word: economical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>providing good service or value in relation to the amount of time or money spent<p><i>an economical car to run (= one that does not use too much petrol/gas)</i></p><p><i>It would be more economical to buy the bigger size.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>using no more of something than is necessary<p><i>an economical use of space</i></p><p><i>an economical prose style (= one that uses no unnecessary words)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not spending more money than necessary Synonym   frugal<p><i>He was economical in all areas of his life.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: economically

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in a way connected with the trade, industry and development of wealth of a country, an area or a society<p><i>The factory is no longer economically viable.</i></p><p><i>Economically, the centre of Spain has lost its dominant role.</i></p><p><i>the economically active/inactive  population (= those who are employed/unemployed)</i></p><p><i>Changes have taken place both economically and politically.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that provides good service or value in relation to the amount of time or money spent<p><i>I’ll do the job as economically as possible.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that uses no more of something than is necessary<p><i>The design is intended to use space as economically as possible.</i></p><p><i>She writes elegantly and economically.</i></p><p><i>Learn to express yourself more economically.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: economics

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the study of how a society organizes its money, trade and industry see also  home economics<p><i>He studied politics and economics at Yale.</i></p><p><i>Keynesian/Marxist economics</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural ,  uncountable   the way in which money influences, or is organized within an area of business or society<p><i>The economics of the project are very encouraging.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: economist

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who studies or writes about economics</li></ul>

Word: economy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   the relationship between production, trade and the supply of money in a particular country or region<p><i>The economy is in recession.</i></p><p><i>the world economy</i></p><p><i>a market economy (= one in which the price is fixed according to both cost and demand)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a country, when you are thinking about its economic system<p><i>Ireland was one of the fastest-growing economies in Western Europe in the     .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the use of the time, money, etc. that is available in a way that avoids waste<p><i>We need to make substantial economies.</i></p><p><i>It’s a false economy  to buy cheap clothes (= it seems cheaper but it is not really since they do not last very long) .</i></p><p><i>She writes with a great economy of words (= using only the necessary words) .</i></p><p><i>We’re on an economy drive  at home (= trying to avoid waste and spend as little money as possible) .</i></p><p><i>Buy the large economy pack (= the one that gives you better value for money) .</i></p><p><i>to fly economy (class) (= by the cheapest class of air travel)</i></p><p><i>an economy fare (= the cheapest)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: environment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the conditions that affect the behaviour and development of somebody/something; the physical conditions that somebody/something exists in<p><i>a pleasant working/learning environment</i></p><p><i>An unhappy home environment  can affect a child’s behaviour.</i></p><p><i>They have created an environment in which productivity should flourish.</i></p><p><i>the political environment</i></p><p><i>tests carried out in a controlled environment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   the natural world in which people, animals and plants live<p><i>the Department of the Environment</i></p><p><i>measures to protect the environment</i></p><p><i>pollution of the environment</i></p><p><i>damage to the environment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( computing )  the complete structure within which a user, computer or program operates<p><i>a desktop development environment</i></p></li></ul>

Word: environmental

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with the natural conditions in which people, animals and plants live; connected with the environment<p><i>the environmental impact of pollution</i></p><p><i>environmental issues/problems</i></p><p><i>an environmental group/movement (= that aims to improve or protect the natural environment)</i></p><p><i>environmental damage</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with the conditions that affect the behaviour and development of somebody/something<p><i>environmental influences</i></p><p><i>an environmental health officer</i></p></li></ul>

Word: environmentalist

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who is concerned about the natural environment and wants to improve and protect it   uncountable  </li></ul>

Word: establish

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>establish something to start or create an organization, a system, etc. that is meant to last for a long time Synonym   set up<p><i>The committee was established in     .</i></p><p><i>The new treaty establishes a free trade zone.</i></p><p><i>Let’s establish some ground rules.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>establish something to start having a relationship, especially a formal one, with another person, group or country<p><i>The school has established a successful relationship with the local community.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>establish somebody/something/yourself (in something) (as something) to hold a position for long enough or succeed in something well enough to make people accept and respect you<p><i>By then she was established as a star.</i></p><p><i>He has just set up his own business but it will take him a while to get established .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>establish something to make people accept a belief, claim, custom etc<p><i>It was this campaign that established the paper’s reputation.</i></p><p><i>Traditions get established over time.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to discover or prove the facts of a situation Synonym   ascertain<p><i><b>establish something </b><br>Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident.</i></p><p><i><b>establish that… </b><br>They have established that his injuries were caused by a fall.</i></p><p><i><b>establish where, what, etc… </b><br>We need to establish where she was at the time of the shooting.</i></p><p><i><b>it is established that… </b><br>It has since been established that the horse was drugged.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: established

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>respected or given official status because it has existed or been used for a long time see also  well established<p><i>They are an established company with a good reputation.</i></p><p><i>This unit is now an established part of the course.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  well known and respected in a job, etc. that they have been doing for a long time<p><i>an established actor</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a Church or a religion )  made official for a country</li></ul>

Word: establishment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  an organization, a large institution or a hotel<p><i>an educational establishment</i></p><p><i>a research establishment</i></p><p><i>The hotel is a comfortable and well-run establishment.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular + singular or plural verb   ( )  the people in a society or a profession who have influence and power and who usually do not support change<p><i>the medical/military/political, etc. establishment</i></p><p><i>young people rebelling against the Establishment</i></p><p><i>orthodox Establishment views</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of starting or creating something that is meant to last for a long time<p><i>The speaker announced the establishment of a new college.</i></p><p><i>the establishment of diplomatic relations between the countries</i></p></li></ul>

Word: estimate

Meaning: <ul><li>    often passive   to form an idea of the cost, size, value etc. of something, but without calculating it exactly<p><i><b>estimate something (at something) </b><br>The satellite will cost an estimated £ 0 million.</i></p><p><i>Police estimate the crowd at  0000.</i></p><p><i><b>estimate something to do something </b><br>The deal is estimated to be worth around $ .  million.</i></p><p><i><b>estimate (that)… </b><br>We estimated (that) it would cost about € 000.</i></p><p><i><b>it is estimated (that)… </b><br>It is estimated (that) the project will last four years.</i></p><p><i><b>estimate how many, large, etc… </b><br>It is hard to estimate how many children suffer from dyslexia.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: estimation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  singular   a judgement or opinion about the value or quality of somebody/something<p><i>Who is the best candidate in your estimation ?</i></p><p><i>Since he left his wife he’s certainly gone down in my estimation (= I have less respect for him) .</i></p><p><i>She went up in my estimation (= I have more respect for her)  when I discovered how much charity work she does.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a judgement about the levels or quantity of something<p><i>Estimations of our total world sales are around   million.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: evidence

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   evidence something ( )  to prove or show something; to be evidence of something Synonym   testify to<p><i>The legal profession is still a largely male world, as evidenced by  the small number of women judges.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: evident

Meaning: <ul><li>clear; easily seen Synonym   obvious    see also  self-evident<p><i>The orchestra played with evident enjoyment.</i></p><p><i><b>evident (to somebody) (that…) </b><br>It has now become evident to us that a mistake has been made.</i></p><p><i><b>evident in/from something </b><br>The growing interest in history is clearly evident in the number of people visiting museums and country houses.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: evidential

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   ( )  providing or connected with evidence<p><i>The necessary evidential basis for her claim is lacking.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: evidently

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>clearly; that can be seen or understood easily Synonym   obviously<p><i>She walked slowly down the road, evidently in pain.</i></p><p><i>‘I’m afraid I couldn’t finish the work last night.’ ‘Evidently not.’</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>according to what people say Synonym   apparently<p><i>Evidently, she had nothing to do with the whole affair.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: export

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the selling and transporting of goods to another country<p><i>a ban on the export of live cattle</i></p><p><i>Then the fruit is packaged for export .</i></p><p><i>export earnings</i></p><p><i>an export licence</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   a product that is sold to another country<p><i>the country’s major exports</i></p><p><i>a fall in the value of exports</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exporter

Meaning: <ul><li>a person, company or country that sells goods to another country Opposite   importer<p><i>the world’s largest/major/leading exporter  of cars</i></p><p><i>The country is now a net exporter  of fuel (= it exports more than it imports) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: factor

Meaning: <ul><li>|  ( technical )  to include a particular fact or situation when you are thinking about or planning something<p><i>Remember to factor in staffing costs when you are planning the project.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: finance

Meaning: <ul><li>  finance something to provide money for a project Synonym   fund<p><i>The building project will be financed by the government.</i></p><p><i>He took a job to finance his stay in Germany.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: financial

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with money and finance<p><i>financial services</i></p><p><i>to give financial advice</i></p><p><i>to be in financial difficulties</i></p><p><i>an independent financial adviser</i></p><p><i>Tokyo and New York are major financial centres .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ,  ,  )  having money</li></ul>

Word: financier

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who lends large amounts of money to businesses</li></ul>

Word: finance

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( ) ( financing )   uncountable   finance (for something) money used to run a business, an activity or a project<p><i>Finance for education comes from taxpayers.</i></p><p><i>The project will only go ahead if they can raise the necessary finance.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the activity of managing money, especially by a government or commercial organization<p><i>the Minister of Finance</i></p><p><i>the finance director/department</i></p><p><i>a diploma in banking and finance</i></p><p><i>the world of high finance (= finance involving large companies or countries)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the money available to a person, an organization or a country; the way this money is managed<p><i>government/public/personal finances</i></p><p><i>It’s about time you sorted out your finances.</i></p><p><i>Moving house put a severe strain on our finances.</i></p><p><i>The firm’s finances are basically sound.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: formula

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( mathematics )  a series of letters, numbers or symbols that represent a rule or law<p><i>This formula is used to calculate the area of a circle.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( chemistry )  letters and symbols that show the parts of a chemical compound , etc<p><i>CO is the formula for carbon monoxide.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a particular method of doing or achieving something<p><i>They’re trying to work out a peace formula  acceptable to both sides in the dispute.</i></p><p><i>All the patients were interviewed according to a standard formula.</i></p><p><i><b>formula for something/for doing something </b><br>There’s no magic formula  for a perfect marriage.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a list of the things that something is made from, giving the amount of each substance to use<p><i>the secret formula for the blending of the whisky</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( formula milk )   uncountable ,  countable   ( )  a type of liquid food for babies, given instead of breast milk</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a class of racing car, based on engine size, etc<p><i>Formula One racing</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a fixed form of words used in a particular situation<p><i>legal formulae</i></p><p><i>The minister keeps coming out with the same tired formulas.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: formulate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to create or prepare something carefully, giving particular attention to the details<p><i><b>formulate something </b><br>to formulate a policy/theory/plan/proposal</i></p><p><i>The compost is specially formulated for pot plants.</i></p><p><i><b>formulate something to do something </b><br>This new kitchen cleaner is formulated to cut through grease and dirt.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>formulate something to express your ideas in carefully chosen words<p><i>She has lots of good ideas, but she has difficulty formulating them.</i></p><p><i>He struggled to formulate an answer.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: period

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) ( full stop ) ( )  used at the end of a sentence to emphasize that there is nothing more to say about a subject<p><i>The answer is no, period!</i></p></li></ul>

Word: function

Meaning: <ul><li>    intransitive   (+ adverb/preposition) ( )  to work in the correct way Synonym   operate    to perform the action or the job of the thing or person mentioned<p><i>Despite the power cuts, the hospital continued to function normally.</i></p><p><i>We now have a functioning shower.</i></p><p><i>Many children can’t function effectively in large classes.</i></p><p><i>The sofa also functions as a bed.</i></p><p><i>I need money to be able to function as an artist.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: functional

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>practical and useful; with little or no decoration Synonym   utilitarian<p><i>Bathrooms don’t have to be purely functional.</i></p><p><i>The office was large and functional rather than welcoming.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>having a special purpose; making it possible for somebody to do something or for something to happen<p><i>a functional disorder (= an illness caused when an organ of the body fails to perform its function)</i></p><p><i>a functional approach to language learning</i></p><p><i>These units played a key functional role in the military operation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( especially of a machine, an organization or a system )  working; able to work<p><i>The hospital will soon be fully functional.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: identify

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( ID ) to recognize somebody/something and be able to say who or what they are<p><i><b>identify somebody/something as somebody/something </b><br>The bodies were identified as those of two suspected drug dealers.</i></p><p><i><b>identify somebody/something </b><br>She was able to identify her attacker.</i></p><p><i>Passengers were asked to identify their own suitcases before they were put on the plane.</i></p><p><i>Many of those arrested refused to identify themselves (= would not say who they were) .</i></p><p><i>First of all we must identify the problem areas.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to find or discover somebody/something<p><i><b>identify something </b><br>Scientists have identified a link between diet and cancer.</i></p><p><i>As yet they have not identified a buyer for the company.</i></p><p><i><b>identify what, which, etc… </b><br>They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>identify somebody/something (as somebody/something) to make it possible to recognize who or what somebody/something is<p><i>In many cases, the clothes people wear identify them as belonging to a particular social class.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: identifiable

Meaning: <ul><li>that can be recognized Opposite   unidentifiable<p><i>identifiable characteristics</i></p><p><i>The house is easily identifiable by the large tree outside.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: identification

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )    uncountable ,  countable   the process of showing, proving or recognizing who or what somebody/something is<p><i>The identification of the crash victims was a long and difficult task.</i></p><p><i>Each product has a number for easy identification.</i></p><p><i>an identification number</i></p><p><i>Accurate identification of these birds is difficult.</i></p><p><i>Only one witness could make a positive identification.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of recognizing that something exists, or is important<p><i>The early identification of children with special educational needs is very important.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )    uncountable   official papers or a document that can prove who you are<p><i>Can I see some identification, please?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   identification (with somebody/something) a strong feeling of sympathy, understanding or support for somebody/something<p><i>her emotional identification with the play’s heroine</i></p><p><i>their increasing identification with the struggle for independence</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   identification (of somebody) (with somebody/something) the process of making a close connection between one person or thing and another<p><i>the voters’ identification of the Democrats with high taxes</i></p></li></ul>

Word: identity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   (abbr.   )  who or what somebody/something is<p><i>The police are trying to discover the identity of the killer.</i></p><p><i>Their identities were kept secret.</i></p><p><i>She is innocent; it was a case of mistaken identity .</i></p><p><i>Do you have any proof of identity?</i></p><p><i>The thief used a false identity.</i></p><p><i>She went through an identity crisis  in her teens (= was not sure of who she was or of her place in society) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the characteristics, feelings or beliefs that distinguish people from others<p><i>a sense of national/cultural/personal/group identity</i></p><p><i>a plan to strengthen the corporate identity  of the company</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   identity (with somebody/something) |  identity (between A and B) the state or feeling of being very similar to and able to understand somebody/something<p><i>an identity of interests</i></p><p><i>There’s a close identity between fans and their team.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: illegal

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  a person who lives or works in a country illegally</li></ul>

Word: illegality

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of being illegal<p><i>No illegality is suspected.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an illegal act</li></ul>

Word: illegal

Meaning: <ul><li>  not allowed by the law Opposite   legal<p><i>illegal immigrants/aliens</i></p><p><i>It’s illegal to drive through a red light.</i></p><p><i>an illegally parked car</i></p><p><i>He entered the country illegally.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: income

Meaning: <ul><li>    countable ,  uncountable   the money that a person, a region, a country, etc. earns from work, from investing money, from business, etc compare  expenditure<p><i>people on high/low incomes</i></p><p><i>a weekly disposable income (= the money that you have left to spend after tax, etc.)  of £ 00</i></p><p><i>a rise in national income</i></p><p><i>They receive a proportion of their income from the sale of goods and services.</i></p><p><i>Tourism is a major source of income  for the area.</i></p><p><i>higher/middle/lower income  groups</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inconsistent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  not usually before noun   inconsistent (with something) if two statements, etc. are inconsistent , or one is inconsistent with  the other, they cannot both be true because they give the facts in a different way<p><i>The report is inconsistent with the financial statements.</i></p><p><i>The witnesses’ statements were inconsistent.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>inconsistent with something not matching a set of standards, ideas, etc<p><i>Her behaviour was clearly inconsistent with her beliefs.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  tending to change too often; not staying the same Opposite   consistent<p><i>inconsistent results</i></p><p><i>Children find it difficult if a parent is inconsistent.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indicate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to show that something is true or exists<p><i><b>indicate something </b><br>Record profits in the retail market indicate a boom in the economy.</i></p><p><i>A yellowing of the skin indicates jaundice.</i></p><p><i>The article claims that an increase in crime indicates a decline in moral standards.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate (that…) </b><br>Research indicates that eating habits are changing fast.</i></p><p><i>Kingston-upon-Thames, as the name indicates, is situated on the banks of the Thames.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate how, what etc… </b><br>Our results indicate how misleading it could be to rely on this method.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to be a sign of something; to show that something is possible or likely<p><i><b>indicate something </b><br>A red sky at night often indicates fine weather the next day.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate that… </b><br>Early results indicate that the government will be returned to power.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to mention something, especially in an indirect way<p><i><b>indicate (to somebody) (that)… </b><br>In his letter he indicated to us (that) he was willing to cooperate.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate something (to somebody) </b><br>He indicated his willingness to cooperate.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate whether, when, etc… </b><br>Has she indicated yet whether she would like to be involved?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( )  to make somebody notice somebody/something, especially by pointing or moving your head<p><i><b>indicate somebody/something (to somebody) </b><br>She took out a map and indicated the quickest route to us.</i></p><p><i>‘What are they doing here?’ he asked, indicating her bags in the hallway.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate where, which, etc… </b><br>He indicated where the furniture was to go.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate that… </b><br>She indicated that I was to sit down.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   indicate something ( )  to represent information without using words<p><i>The results are indicated in Table  .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( )  to give information in writing<p><i><b>indicate something </b><br>You are allowed  0kgs of baggage unless indicated otherwise on your ticket.</i></p><p><i>As indicated above, this chapter deals with the practical implications of the research.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate which, where, etc… </b><br>Please indicate clearly which colour you require.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   indicate something |  indicate how much, how many, etc… ( of an instrument for measuring things )  to show a particular measurement<p><i>When the temperature gauge indicates  0°F or more, turn off the engine.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to show that your vehicle is going to change direction, by using lights or your arm Synonym   signal<p><i>Always indicate before moving into another lane.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate something </b><br>He indicated left and then turned right.</i></p><p><i><b>indicate (that)… </b><br>She indicated that she was turning right.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  usually passive   indicate something ( )  to be necessary or recommended<p><i>A course of chemotherapy was indicated.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indication

Meaning: <ul><li>    countable ,  uncountable   a remark or sign that shows that something is happening or what somebody is thinking or feeling<p><i><b>indication (of something) </b><br>They gave no indication  of how the work should be done.</i></p><p><i><b>indication (of doing something) </b><br>He shows every indication (= clear signs)  of wanting to accept the post.</i></p><p><i><b>indication (that…) </b><br>There are clear indications that the economy is improving.</i></p><p><i>All the indications are that the deal will go ahead as planned.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indicative

Meaning: <ul><li>  singular   ( grammar )  the form of a verb that states a fact<p><i>In ‘Ben likes school’, the verb ‘like’ is in the indicative.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indiscreet

Meaning: <ul><li>not careful about what you say or do, especially when this embarrasses or offends somebody Opposite   discreet<p><i>an indiscreet comment</i></p><p><i>It was indiscreet of him to disclose that information.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: individual

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person considered separately rather than as part of a group<p><i>The competition is open to both teams and individuals.</i></p><p><i>Treatment depends on the individual involved.</i></p><p><i>donations from private individuals (= ordinary people rather than companies, etc.)</i></p><p><i>The school’s reputation was ruined by the bad behaviour of a few individuals.</i></p><p><i>the rights of the individual</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who is original and very different from others<p><i>She’s grown into quite an individual.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ,  )  a person of a particular type, especially a strange one<p><i>an odd-looking individual</i></p><p><i>So this individual came up and demanded money.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: individualism

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the quality of being different from other people and doing things in your own way<p><i>She owes her success to her individualism and flair.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the belief that individual people in society should have the right to make their own decisions, etc, rather than be controlled by the government<p><i>Capitalism stresses innovation, competition and individualism.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: individuality

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the qualities that make somebody/something different from other people or things<p><i>She expresses her individuality through her clothes.</i></p><p><i>The plot is credible but the characters lack individuality.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: individually

Meaning: <ul><li>separately, rather than as a group<p><i>individually wrapped chocolates</i></p><p><i>The manager spoke to them all individually.</i></p><p><i>The hotel has  0 individually designed bedrooms.</i></p><p><i>Individually, students have little power, but collectively they can be more influential.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: insignificant

Meaning: <ul><li>not big or valuable enough to be considered important Opposite   significant      uncountable  <p><i>an insignificant difference</i></p><p><i>The levels of chemicals in the river are not insignificant.</i></p><p><i>He made her feel insignificant and stupid.</i></p><p><i>Her own problems paled into insignificance  beside this terrible news.</i></p><p><i>Success took him from insignificance to wealth and fame.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: interpret

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   interpret something to explain the meaning of something<p><i>The students were asked to interpret the poem.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to decide that something has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way compare  misinterpret<p><i><b>interpret something as something </b><br>I didn’t know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal.</i></p><p><i><b>interpret something </b><br>The data can be interpreted in many different ways.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   interpret (for somebody) to translate one language into another as you hear it<p><i>She couldn’t speak much English so her children had to interpret for her.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   interpret something to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc. in a way that shows your feelings about its meaning<p><i>He interpreted the role with a lot of humour.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: interpretation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the particular way in which something is understood or explained<p><i>Her evidence suggests a different interpretation of the events.</i></p><p><i>It is not possible for everyone to put their own interpretation on the law.</i></p><p><i>Dreams are open to interpretation (= they can be explained in different ways) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the particular way in which somebody chooses to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc<p><i>a modern interpretation of ‘King Lear’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: interpretative

Meaning: <ul><li>( interpretive )   usually before noun   ( ) connected with the particular way in which something is understood, explained or performed; providing an interpretation<p><i>an interpretative problem</i></p><p><i>an interpretative exhibition</i></p></li></ul>

Word: invariable

Meaning: <ul><li>always the same; never changing Synonym   unchanging    compare  variable<p><i>Her routine was invariable.</i></p><p><i>his invariable courtesy and charm</i></p><p><i>an invariable principle</i></p></li></ul>

Word: invariably

Meaning: <ul><li>always Synonym   without fail<p><i>This acute infection of the brain is almost invariably fatal.</i></p><p><i>This is not invariably the case.</i></p><p><i>Invariably the reply came back, ‘Not now!’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: involve

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>if a situation, an event or an activity involves  something, that thing is an important or necessary part or result of it Synonym   entail<p><i><b>involve something </b><br>Any investment involves an element of risk.</i></p><p><i>Many of the crimes involved drugs.</i></p><p><i><b>involve doing something </b><br>The test will involve answering questions about a photograph.</i></p><p><i><b>involve somebody/something doing something </b><br>The job involves me travelling all over the country.</i></p><p><i>The job involves my travelling all over the country.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>involve somebody/something if a situation, an event or an activity involves  somebody/something, they take part in it or are affected by it<p><i>There was a serious incident involving a group of youths.</i></p><p><i>How many vehicles were involved in the crash?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to make somebody take part in something<p><i><b>involve somebody (in something/in doing something) </b><br>We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebrations.</i></p><p><i><b>involve yourself (in something) </b><br>Parents should involve themselves in their child’s education.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>involve somebody (in something) to say or do something to show that somebody took part in something, especially a crime Synonym   implicate<p><i>His confession involved a number of other politicians in the affair.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: involved

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   involved (in something) taking part in something; being part of something or connected with something Help  Opposite   uninvolved<p><i>to be/become/get involved  in politics</i></p><p><i>We need to examine all the costs involved in the project first.</i></p><p><i>We’ll make our decision and contact the people involved.</i></p><p><i>Some people tried to stop the fight but I didn’t want to get involved.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not usually before noun   giving a lot of time or attention to somebody/something Opposite   uninvolved<p><i><b>involved (with something/somebody) </b><br>She was deeply involved with the local hospital.</i></p><p><i><b>involved (in something/somebody) </b><br>I was so involved in my book I didn’t hear you knock.</i></p><p><i>He’s a very involved father (= he spends a lot of time with his children) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not usually before noun   having a close personal relationship with somebody Opposite   uninvolved<p><i>They’re not romantically involved.</i></p><p><i><b>involved with somebody/something </b><br>You’re too emotionally involved with the situation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>complicated and difficult to understand Synonym   complex<p><i>an involved plot</i></p></li></ul>

Word: involvement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   involvement (in/with something) the act of taking part in something Synonym   participation<p><i>US involvement in European wars</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   involvement (in/with something) the act of giving a lot of time and attention to something you care about<p><i>her growing involvement with contemporary music</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   involvement (with somebody) a romantic or sexual relationship with somebody that you are not married to<p><i>He spoke openly about his involvement with the singer.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: issue

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>issue something (to somebody) to make something known formally<p><i>They issued a joint statement denying the charges.</i></p><p><i>The police have issued an appeal for witnesses.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   to give something to somebody, especially officially<p><i><b>issue something </b><br>to issue passports/visas/tickets</i></p><p><i><b>issue somebody with something </b><br>New members will be issued with a temporary identity card.</i></p><p><i><b>issue something to somebody </b><br>Work permits were issued to only  % of those who applied for them.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>issue something to start a legal process against somebody, especially by means of an official document<p><i>to issue a writ against somebody</i></p><p><i>A warrant has been issued for his arrest.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>issue something to produce something such as a magazine, article, etc<p><i>We issue a monthly newsletter.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>issue something to produce new stamps, coins, shares, etc. for sale to the public<p><i>They issued a special set of stamps to mark the occasion.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: labor

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) =  labour</li></ul>

Word: labour

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to try very hard to do something difficult<p><i><b>labour (away) </b><br>He was in his study labouring away over some old papers.</i></p><p><i><b>labour to do something </b><br>They laboured for years to clear their son’s name.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to do hard physical work<p><i>We laboured all day in the fields.</i></p><p><i>the labouring classes (= the working class)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   (+ adverb/preposition) to move with difficulty and effort Synonym   struggle<p><i>The horses laboured up the steep slope.</i></p><p><i>With engine labouring, the car struggled up the hill.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: legal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the law<p><i>the legal profession/system</i></p><p><i>to take/seek legal advice</i></p><p><i>a legal adviser</i></p><p><i>legal costs</i></p><p><i>They are currently facing a long legal battle in the US courts.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>allowed or required by law Opposite   illegal<p><i>The driver was more than three times over the legal limit (= the amount of alcohol you are allowed to have in your body when you are driving).</i></p><p><i>Should euthanasia be made legal?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: legality

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the fact of being legal<p><i>They intended to challenge the legality of his claim in the courts.</i></p><p><i>The arrangement is of doubtful legality.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   the legal aspect of an action or a situation<p><i>You need a lawyer to explain all the legalities of the contracts.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: legislate

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive   legislate (for/against/on something) ( )  to make a law affecting something<p><i>The government will legislate against discrimination in the workplace.</i></p><p><i>You can’t legislate against bad luck!</i></p><p><i>They promised to legislate to protect people’s right to privacy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: legislation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a law or a set of laws passed by a parliament<p><i>an important piece of legislation</i></p><p><i>New legislation on the sale of drugs will be introduced next year.</i></p><p><i>a call for legislation to ban smoking in public places</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the process of making and passing laws<p><i>Legislation will be difficult and will take time.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: legislative

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   ( ) connected with the act of making and passing laws<p><i>a legislative assembly/body/council</i></p><p><i>legislative powers</i></p></li></ul>

Word: legislator

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) a member of a group of people that has the power to make laws</li></ul>

Word: legislature

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) a group of people who have the power to make and change laws compare  executive  ,  judiciary   ,<p><i>a democratically elected legislature</i></p><p><i>the national/state legislature</i></p></li></ul>

Word: major

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  to study something as your main subject at a university or college ( )  to pay particular attention to one subject, issue, etc.<p><i>She majored in History at Stanford.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: majority

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  singular + singular or plural verb   majority (of somebody/something) the largest part of a group of people or things Opposite   minority    see also  moral majority  ,  the silent majority   ,<p><i>The majority of people interviewed prefer TV to radio.</i></p><p><i>The majority was/were in favour of banning smoking.</i></p><p><i>This treatment is not available in the vast majority  of hospitals.</i></p><p><i>a majority decision (= one that is decided by what most people want)</i></p><p><i>In the nursing profession, women are in a/the majority .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  the number of votes by which one political party wins an election; the number of votes by which one side in a discussion, etc. wins see also  absolute majority<p><i>She was elected by/with a majority  of    .</i></p><p><i>a clear (= large)  majority</i></p><p><i><b>majority (over somebody) </b><br>They had a large majority over their nearest rivals.</i></p><p><i>The government does not have an overall majority (= more members than all the other parties added together) .</i></p><p><i>The resolution was carried by a huge majority.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  the difference between the number of votes given to the candidate who wins the election and the total number of votes of all the other candidates see also  plurality</li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( law )  the age at which you are legally considered to be an adult<p><i>The age of majority in Britain was reduced from    to    in    0.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: method

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a particular way of doing something see also  direct method<p><i><b>method (of something) </b><br>a reliable/effective/scientific method  of data analysis</i></p><p><i><b>method (of doing something) </b><br>a new method of solving the problem</i></p><p><i>traditional/alternative methods</i></p><p><i><b>method (for something/for doing something) </b><br>the best method for arriving at an accurate prediction of the costs</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the quality of being well planned and organized</li></ul>

Word: methodical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>done in a careful and logical way<p><i>a methodical approach/study</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  doing things in a careful and logical way Synonym   disciplined   ,  precise    ,<p><i>to have a methodical mind</i></p><p><i>She is very slow but methodical in her work.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: methodology

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   ( ) a set of methods and principles used to perform a particular activity   usually before noun  <p><i>recent changes in the methodology of language teaching</i></p><p><i>research methodologies</i></p><p><i>methodological problems</i></p></li></ul>

Word: misinterpret

Meaning: <ul><li>misinterpret something (as something/doing something) to understand something/somebody wrongly Synonym   misconstrue   ,  misread    ,  compare  interpret     uncountable ,  countable  <p><i>His comments were misinterpreted as a criticism of the project.</i></p><p><i>She deliberately misinterpreted the question.</i></p><p><i>A number of these statements could be open to misinterpretation (= could be understood wrongly) .</i></p><p><i>a gross misinterpretation of the facts</i></p></li></ul>

Word: occur

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( )  to happen<p><i>When exactly did the incident occur?</i></p><p><i>Something unexpected occurred.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   + adverb/preposition to exist or be found somewhere<p><i>Sugar occurs naturally in fruit.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: occurrence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that happens or exists<p><i>a common/everyday/frequent/regular occurrence</i></p><p><i>Vandalism used to be a rare occurrence  here.</i></p><p><i>The program counts the number of occurrences of any word, within the text.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   occurrence (of something) the fact of something happening or existing<p><i>a link between the occurrence of skin cancer and the use of computer monitors</i></p></li></ul>

Word: overestimate

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually singular   an estimate about the size, cost, etc. of something that is too high Opposite   underestimate<p><i>I thought it would cost about £ 00, but luckily that turned out to be an overestimate.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: overestimate

Meaning: <ul><li>overestimate something to estimate something to be larger, better, more important, etc. than it really is Opposite   underestimate      uncountable ,  countable  <p><i>They overestimated his ability when they promoted him.</i></p><p><i>The importance of these findings cannot be overestimated (= is very great) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: percentage

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   the number, amount, rate of something, expressed as if it is part of a total which is  00; a part or share of a whole<p><i>What percentage of the population is/are overweight?</i></p><p><i>A high percentage of the female staff are part-time workers.</i></p><p><i>Interest rates are expected to rise by one percentage point (= one per cent) .</i></p><p><i>The figure is expressed as a percentage .</i></p><p><i>The results were analysed in percentage terms .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a share of the profits of something<p><i>He gets a percentage for every car sold.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: period

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   having a style typical of a particular time in history<p><i>period costumes/furniture</i></p></li></ul>

Word: periodic

Meaning: <ul><li>( periodical )   usually before noun   happening fairly often and regularly<p><i>Periodic checks are carried out on the equipment.</i></p><p><i>He makes periodic visits to all the shops which stock his products.</i></p><p><i>Mailing lists are updated periodically.</i></p><p><i>Periodically, we meet to discuss any problems.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: periodical

Meaning: <ul><li>a magazine that is published every week, month, etc, especially one that is concerned with an academic subject</li></ul>

Word: policy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   policy (on something) a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc<p><i>the present government’s policy on education</i></p><p><i>The company has adopted a  firm policy  on shoplifting.</i></p><p><i>We have tried to pursue a policy  of neutrality.</i></p><p><i>US foreign/domestic policy</i></p><p><i>They have had a significant change in policy  on paternity leave.</i></p><p><i>a policy document</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   ( )  a principle that you believe in that influences how you behave; a way in which you usually behave<p><i>She is following her usual policy of ignoring all offers of help.</i></p><p><i>Honesty is the best policy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a written statement of a contract of insurance<p><i>Check the terms of the policy before you sign.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: principle

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural ,  uncountable   a moral rule or a strong belief that influences your actions<p><i>He has high moral principles.</i></p><p><i>I refuse to lie about it; it’s against my principles .</i></p><p><i>Stick to your principles  and tell him you won’t do it.</i></p><p><i>She refuses to allow her family to help her as a matter of principle .</i></p><p><i>He doesn’t invest in the arms industry on principle .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a law, a rule or a theory that something is based on<p><i>the principles and practice of writing reports</i></p><p><i>The principle behind it is very simple.</i></p><p><i>There are three fundamental principles of teamwork.</i></p><p><i>Discussing all these details will get us nowhere; we must get back to first principles (= the most basic rules) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a belief that is accepted as a reason for acting or thinking in a particular way<p><i>the principle that free education should be available for all children</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   a general or scientific law that explains how something works or why something happens<p><i>the principle that heat rises</i></p><p><i>A tidal current turbine is similar in principle to a windmill.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>if something can be done in principle , there is no good reason why it should not be done although it has not yet been done and there may be some difficulties<p><i>In principle there is nothing that a human can do that a machine might not be able to do one day.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in general but not in detail<p><i>They have agreed to the proposal in principle but we still have to negotiate the terms.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: principled

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>having strong beliefs about what is right and wrong; based on strong beliefs Opposite   unprincipled<p><i>a principled woman</i></p><p><i>to take a principled stand against abortion</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>based on rules or truths<p><i>a principled approach to language teaching</i></p></li></ul>

Word: procedure

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   procedure (for something) a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct way<p><i>maintenance procedures</i></p><p><i>emergency/safety/disciplinary procedures</i></p><p><i>to follow normal/standard/accepted procedure</i></p><p><i>Making a complaint is quite a simple procedure.</i></p><p><i>The procedure for logging on to the network usually involves a password.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the official or formal order or way of doing something, especially in business, law or politics<p><i>court/legal/parliamentary procedure</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( medical )  a medical operation<p><i>to perform a routine surgical procedure</i></p></li></ul>

Word: proceed

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   proceed (with something) to continue doing something that has already been started; to continue being done<p><i>We’re not sure whether we still want to proceed with the sale.</i></p><p><i>Work is proceeding slowly.</i></p><p><i>He left detailed instructions about the best way to proceed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   proceed to do something to do something next, after having done something else first Synonym   go on<p><i>He outlined his plans and then proceeded to explain them in more detail.</i></p><p><i>Having said she wasn’t hungry, she then proceeded to order a three-course meal.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   + adverb/preposition ( )  to move or travel in a particular direction<p><i>The marchers proceeded slowly along the street.</i></p><p><i>Passengers for Rome should proceed to Gate    for boarding.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: proceeding

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   proceeding (against somebody) (for something) the process of using a court to settle a disagreement or to deal with a complaint<p><i>bankruptcy/divorce/extradition, etc. proceedings</i></p><p><i>to bring legal proceedings  against somebody</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   an event or a series of actions<p><i>The Mayor will open the proceedings at the City Hall tomorrow.</i></p><p><i>We watched the proceedings from the balcony.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the official written report of a meeting, etc<p><i>His paper is published in the new issue of the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: proceeds

Meaning: <ul><li>  plural   proceeds (of/from something) the money that you receive when you sell something or organize a performance, etc; profits<p><i>She sold her car and bought a piano with the proceeds.</i></p><p><i>The proceeds of the concert will go to charity.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: process

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>process something to treat raw material, food, etc. in order to change it, preserve it, etc<p><i>Most of the food we buy is processed in some way.</i></p><p><i>processed cheese</i></p><p><i>a sewage processing plant</i></p><p><i>I sent three rolls of film away to be processed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>process something to deal officially with a document, request, etc<p><i>It will take a week for your application to be processed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>process something ( computing )  to perform a series of operations on data in a computer</li></ul>

Word: reassess

Meaning: <ul><li>reassess something to think again about something to decide if you need to change your opinion of it Synonym   reappraise      uncountable ,  countable  <p><i>After reassessing the situation, she decided to do nothing.</i></p><p><i>Students were allowed to hand in corrected work again for reassessment.</i></p><p><i>She decided that a complete reassessment of her career was due.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: recreate

Meaning: <ul><li>recreate something to make something that existed in the past exist or seem to exist again   countable ,  uncountable  <p><i>The movie recreates the glamour of      Hollywood.</i></p><p><i>The writer attempts a recreation of the sights and sounds of his childhood.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: redefine

Meaning: <ul><li>to change the nature or limits of something; to make people consider something in a new way   uncountable ,  countable  <p><i><b>redefine something </b><br>The new constitution redefined the powers of the president.</i></p><p><i><b>redefine what, how, etc… </b><br>We need to redefine what we mean by democracy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: redistribute

Meaning: <ul><li>redistribute something (from somebody/something) (to somebody/something) to share something out among people in a different way   uncountable ,  singular  <p><i>Wealth needs to be redistributed from the rich to the poor.</i></p><p><i>the redistribution of wealth</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reformulate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>reformulate something to create or prepare something again<p><i>It is never too late to reformulate your goals.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reformulate something to say or express something in a different way<p><i>Let me try to reformulate the problem.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reinterpret

Meaning: <ul><li>reinterpret something to interpret something in a new or different way   countable ,  uncountable  <p><i>This new production radically reinterprets the play.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reoccur

Meaning: <ul><li>,    intransitive   to happen again or a number of times Synonym   recur</li></ul>

Word: require

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to need something; to depend on somebody/something<p><i><b>require something </b><br>These pets require a lot of care and attention.</i></p><p><i>Deciphering the code requires an expert.</i></p><p><i>This condition requires urgent treatment.</i></p><p><i>Do you require anything else? (= in a shop/store, for example)</i></p><p><i><b>require somebody/something to do something </b><br>True marriage requires us to show trust and loyalty.</i></p><p><i><b>require that… </b><br>The situation required that he be present.</i></p><p><i>The situation required that he should be present.</i></p><p><i><b>require doing something </b><br>Lentils do not require soaking before cooking.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   to make somebody do or have something, especially because it is necessary according to a particular law or set of rules<p><i><b>require something </b><br>The wearing of seat belts is required by law.</i></p><p><i>‘Hamlet’ is required reading (= must be read)  for this course.</i></p><p><i>Several students failed to reach the required standard.</i></p><p><i>I just require a signature on the form.</i></p><p><i><b>require something of somebody </b><br>What exactly is required of a receptionist (= what are they expected to do) ?</i></p><p><i><b>require somebody to do something </b><br>All candidates will be required to take a short test.</i></p><p><i><b>require that… </b><br>We require that you comply with the following rules:…</i></p></li></ul>

Word: requirement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  plural   something that you need or want<p><i>the basic requirements of life</i></p><p><i>a software package to meet your requirements</i></p><p><i>Our immediate requirement is extra staff.</i></p><p><i>These goods are surplus to requirements (= more than we need) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>something that you must have in order to do something else<p><i>to meet/fulfil/satisfy the requirements</i></p><p><i>What is the minimum entrance requirement for this course?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: research

Meaning: <ul><li>    intransitive ,  transitive   to study something carefully and try to discover new facts about it<p><i><b>research (into/in/on something) </b><br>They’re researching into ways of improving people’s diet.</i></p><p><i><b>research something </b><br>to research a problem/topic/market</i></p><p><i>She’s in New York researching her new book (= finding facts and information to put in it) .</i></p><p><i><b>research how, what, etc… </b><br>We have to research how the product will actually be used.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: research

Meaning: <ul><li>    uncountable   ( researches   plural   ,  ) a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it see also  market research  ,  operational research   ,<p><i>medical/historical/scientific, etc. research</i></p><p><i>to do/conduct/undertake research</i></p><p><i><b>research (into/on something/somebody) </b><br>He has carried out extensive research into renewable energy sources.</i></p><p><i>Recent research on deaf children has produced some interesting findings about their speech.</i></p><p><i>What have their researches shown?</i></p><p><i>a research project/grant/student</i></p><p><i>Research on animals has led to some important medical advances.</i></p><p><i>I’ve done some research to find out the cheapest way of travelling there.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: respond

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to give a spoken or written answer to somebody/something Synonym   reply<p><i>I asked him his name, but he didn’t respond.</i></p><p><i><b>respond (to somebody/something) (with something) </b><br>She never responded to my letter.</i></p><p><i>More than fifty people responded to the advertisement.</i></p><p><i><b>+ speech </b><br>‘I’m not sure,’ she responded.</i></p><p><i><b>respond that… </b><br>When asked about the company’s future, the director responded that he remained optimistic.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   respond (to something) (with something/by doing something) to do something as a reaction to something that somebody has said or done Synonym   react<p><i>How did they respond to the news?</i></p><p><i>The government responded by banning all future demonstrations.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   respond (to something/somebody) to react quickly or in the correct way to something/somebody<p><i>The car responds very well to the controls.</i></p><p><i>You can rely on him to respond to a challenge.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   respond (to something) to improve as a result of a particular kind of treatment<p><i>The infection did not respond to the drugs.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: respondent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who answers questions, especially in a survey<p><i> 0% of the respondents agreed with the suggestion.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( law )  a person who is accused of something</li></ul>

Word: response

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a spoken or written answer<p><i>She made no response.</i></p><p><i><b>response to somebody/something </b><br>In response to  your enquiry…</i></p><p><i>I received an encouraging response to my advertisement.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a reaction to something that has happened or been said<p><i>The news provoked an angry response.</i></p><p><i>a positive response</i></p><p><i>I knocked on the door but there was no response.</i></p><p><i><b>response (to somebody/something) </b><br>The product was developed in response to  customer demand.</i></p><p><i>There has been little response to our appeal for funds.</i></p><p><i>We sent out over  00 letters but the response rate  has been low (= few people replied) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   response (to somebody/something) a part of a church service that the people sing or speak as an answer to the part that the priest sings or speaks</li></ul>

Word: responsive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  not usually before noun   responsive (to somebody/something) reacting quickly and in a positive way<p><i>Firms have to be responsive to consumer demand.</i></p><p><i>a flu virus that is not responsive to treatment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>responsive (to somebody/something) reacting with interest or enthusiasm Synonym   receptive<p><i>The club is responsive to new ideas.</i></p><p><i>a responsive and enthusiastic audience</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restructure

Meaning: <ul><li>  transitive ,  intransitive   restructure (something) to organize something such as a system or a company in a new and different way   uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular  <p><i>The company is undergoing a major restructuring.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: role

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the function or position that somebody has or is expected to have in an organization, in society or in a relationship<p><i>the role of the teacher in the classroom</i></p><p><i>She refused to take on the traditional woman’s role.</i></p><p><i>In many marriages there has been a complete role reversal (= change of roles)  with the man staying at home and the woman going out to work.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an actor’s part in a play, film/movie, etc<p><i>It is one of the greatest roles she has played.</i></p><p><i>Who is in the leading role (= the most important one) ?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the degree to which somebody/something is involved in a situation or an activity and the effect that they have on it<p><i>the role of diet in preventing disease</i></p><p><i>The media play a major role  in influencing people’s opinions.</i></p><p><i>a key/vital role</i></p></li></ul>

Word: section

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>section something ( medical )  to divide body tissue  by cutting</li><li><b> . </b>section something ( biology )  to cut animal or plant tissue  into thin slices in order to look at it under a microscope</li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   section somebody ( )  to officially order a mentally ill person to go and receive treatment in a psychiatric  hospital, using a law that can force them to stay there until they are successfully treated</li></ul>

Word: sector

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a part of an area of activity, especially of a country’s economy see also  the private sector  ,  the public sector   ,<p><i>the manufacturing sector</i></p><p><i>service-sector jobs (= in hotels, restaurants, etc.)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a part of a particular area, especially an area under military control<p><i>each sector of the war zone</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( geometry )  a part of a circle lying between two straight lines drawn from the centre to the edge</li></ul>

Word: significance

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the importance of something, especially when this has an effect on what happens in the future<p><i>a decision of major political significance</i></p><p><i>The new drug has great significance for the treatment of the disease.</i></p><p><i>They discussed the statistical significance  of the results.</i></p><p><i>We should be fully aware of the significance of television in shaping our ideas.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the meaning of something compare  insignificance<p><i>She couldn’t grasp the full significance of what he had said.</i></p><p><i>Do these symbols have any particular significance?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: significant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>large or important enough to have an effect or to be noticed compare  insignificant<p><i>a highly significant discovery</i></p><p><i>The results of the experiment are not statistically significant .</i></p><p><i>There are no significant differences between the two groups of students.</i></p><p><i>Your work has shown a significant improvement.</i></p><p><i>These views are held by a significant proportion of the population.</i></p><p><i>It is significant that  girls generally do better in examinations than boys.</i></p><p><i>The drug has had no significant effect on stopping the spread of the disease.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>having a particular meaning<p><i>It is significant that he changed his will only days before his death.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   having a special or secret meaning that is not understood by everyone Synonym   meaningful<p><i>a significant look/smile</i></p></li></ul>

Word: significantly

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in a way that is large or important enough to have an effect on something or to be noticed<p><i>The two sets of figures are not significantly different.</i></p><p><i>Profits have increased significantly over the past few years.</i></p><p><i>Food prices are significantly lower in the US.</i></p><p><i>Your decision will significantly affect your future.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that has a particular meaning<p><i>Significantly, he did not deny that there might be an election.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that has a special or secret meaning<p><i>She paused significantly before she answered.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: signify

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to be a sign of something Synonym   mean<p><i><b>signify something </b><br>This decision signified a radical change in their policies.</i></p><p><i>What does the term ‘patrician’ signify?</i></p><p><i><b>signify that… </b><br>This mark signifies that the products conform to an approved standard.</i></p><p><i>The white belt signifies that he’s an absolute beginner.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to do something to make your feelings, intentions, etc. known<p><i><b>signify something </b><br>She signified her approval with a smile.</i></p><p><i>The jury signify their verdict by a show of hands.</i></p><p><i>In  0  Spain signified its desire to join the Council.</i></p><p><i><b>signify that… </b><br>He nodded to signify that he agreed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( usually used in questions or negative sentences )  to be important or to matter<p><i>His presence no longer signified.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: similar

Meaning: <ul><li>  like somebody/something but not exactly the same Opposite   different   ,  dissimilar    ,<p><i>We have very similar interests.</i></p><p><i><b>similar (to somebody/something) </b><br>My teaching style is similar to that of most other teachers.</i></p><p><i><b>similar (in something) </b><br>The two houses are similar in size.</i></p><p><i>The brothers look very similar.</i></p><p><i>All our patients have broadly similar problems.</i></p><p><i>The disease attacks the immune system in a similar way to AIDS.</i></p><p><i>Stir the paint with a piece of wood or something similar.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: similarity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the state of being like somebody/something but not exactly the same Synonym   resemblance<p><i><b>similarity (between A and B) </b><br>The report highlights the similarity between the two groups.</i></p><p><i><b>similarity (to somebody/something) </b><br>She bears a striking similarity  to her mother.</i></p><p><i><b>similarity (in something) </b><br>There is some similarity in the way they sing.</i></p><p><i>They are both doctors but that is where the similarity ends.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a feature that things or people have that makes them like each other Synonym   resemblance<p><i>a study of the similarities and differences between the two countries</i></p><p><i><b>similarity in/of something </b><br>similarities in/of style</i></p><p><i><b>similarity to/with somebody/something </b><br>The karate bout has many similarities to a boxing match.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: similarly

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in almost the same way<p><i>Husband and wife were similarly successful in their chosen careers.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used to say that two facts, actions, statements, etc. are like each other<p><i>The United States won most of the track and field events. Similarly, in swimming, the top three places went to Americans.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: source

Meaning: <ul><li>  often passive   source something (from…) ( business )  to get something from a particular place see also  outsource<p><i>We source all the meat sold in our stores from British farms.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: specific

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>detailed and exact Synonym   precise<p><i>I gave you specific instructions.</i></p><p><i>‘I’d like your help tomorrow.’ ‘Can you be more specific (= tell me exactly what you want) ?’</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with one particular thing only Synonym   particular<p><i>children’s television programmes aimed at a specific age group</i></p><p><i>The money was collected for a specific purpose.</i></p><p><i>children with specific learning difficulties (= in one area only)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>specific to something ( )  existing only in one place or limited to one thing Synonym   peculiar<p><i>a belief that is specific to this part of Africa</i></p></li></ul>

Word: specifically

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in a detailed and exact way<p><i>I specifically told you not to go near the water!</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with or intended for one particular thing only<p><i>liquid vitamins specifically designed for children</i></p><p><i>a magazine aimed specifically at working women</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used when you want to add more detailed and exact information<p><i>The newspaper, or more specifically, the editor, was taken to court for publishing the photographs.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: specification

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   a detailed description of how something is, or should be, designed or made<p><i>the technical specifications of the new model (= of car)</i></p><p><i>The house has been built exactly to our specifications .</i></p><p><i>The office was furnished to a high specification .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: specificity

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( ) the quality of being specific<p><i>The reporter’s recommendations lack specificity.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: specifics

Meaning: <ul><li>  plural   the details of a subject that you need to think about or discuss<p><i>Okay, that’s the broad plan—let’s get down to the specifics.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: structural

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   connected with the way in which something is built or organized<p><i>Storms have caused structural damage to hundreds of homes.</i></p><p><i>structural changes in society</i></p><p><i>a structural survey (= an examination of a building to check for any damage to the walls, roof, etc.)</i></p><p><i>The building is structurally sound.</i></p><p><i>The languages are structurally different.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: structure

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   to arrange or organize something into a system or pattern<p><i><b>structure something </b><br>How well does the teacher structure the lessons?</i></p><p><i>Make use of the toys in structured group activities.</i></p><p><i><b>structure something around something </b><br>The exhibition is structured around the themes of work and leisure.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: theoretical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>concerned with the ideas and principles on which a particular subject is based, rather than with practice and experiment Opposite   experimental   ,  practical    ,<p><i>a theoretical approach</i></p><p><i>theoretical physics</i></p><p><i>The first year provides students with a sound theoretical basis for later study.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>that could possibly exist, happen or be true, although this is unlikely<p><i>It’s a theoretical possibility.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: theorist

Meaning: <ul><li>( theoretician ) a person who develops ideas and principles about a particular subject in order to explain why things happen or exist<p><i>a political theorist</i></p></li></ul>

Word: theory

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why something happens or exists<p><i>According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light.</i></p><p><i>The debate is centred around two conflicting theories.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the principles on which a particular subject is based<p><i>the theory and practice of language teaching</i></p><p><i>literary theory</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   theory (that…) an opinion or idea that somebody believes is true but that is not proved<p><i>I have this theory that most people prefer being at work to being at home.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unapproachable

Meaning: <ul><li>( of a person )  unfriendly and not easy to talk to Opposite   approachable<p><i>Librarians have a reputation for being difficult and unapproachable.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unavailable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that cannot be obtained<p><i>Such luxuries are unavailable to ordinary people.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not able or not willing to see, meet or talk to somebody Opposite   available<p><i>The minister was unavailable for comment .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unconstitutional

Meaning: <ul><li>not allowed by the constitution  of a country, a political system or an organization Opposite   constitutional</li></ul>

Word: undefined

Meaning: <ul><li>not made clear or definite<p><i>The money was lent for an undefined period of time.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: underestimate

Meaning: <ul><li>( underestimation   countable ,  uncountable   ) an estimate about the size, cost, etc. of something that is too low Opposite   overestimate<p><i>My guess of  0 proved to be a serious underestimate.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uneconomical

Meaning: <ul><li>( uneconomic ) uneconomical (to do something) using too much time or money, or too many materials, and therefore not likely to make a profit Opposite   economical<p><i>It soon proved uneconomical to stay open    hours a day.</i></p><p><i>Transportation costs would turn the operation into an uneconomical exercise.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unidentifiable

Meaning: <ul><li>impossible to identify Opposite   identifiable<p><i>He had an unidentifiable accent.</i></p><p><i>Many of the bodies were unidentifiable except by dental records.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uninvolved

Meaning: <ul><li>uninvolved (in /with something) not taking part in something; not connected with somebody/something, especially on an emotional level Opposite   involved<p><i>My mum was distant and cold and very uninvolved in my life.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unprincipled

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) without moral principles Synonym   dishonest    Opposite   principled</li></ul>

Word: unresponsive

Meaning: <ul><li>unresponsive (to something) ( )  not reacting to somebody/something; not giving the response that you would expect or hope for Opposite   responsive<p><i>a politician who is unresponsive to the mood of the country</i></p><p><i>She is a cold, unfeeling and unresponsive woman.</i></p><p><i>This combination of symptoms seems to be unresponsive to conventional medical treatment.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unstructured

Meaning: <ul><li>without structure or organization<p><i>an unstructured interview</i></p></li></ul>

Word: variability

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the fact of something being likely to vary<p><i>climatic variability</i></p><p><i>a degree of variability in the exchange rate</i></p></li></ul>

Word: variable

Meaning: <ul><li>a situation, number or quantity that can vary or be varied Opposite   constant<p><i>With so many variables, it is difficult to calculate the cost.</i></p><p><i>The temperature remained constant while pressure was a variable in the experiment.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: variable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>often changing; likely to change Synonym   fluctuating    compare  invariable<p><i>variable temperatures</i></p><p><i>The acting is of variable quality (= some of it is good and some of it is bad) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>able to be changed<p><i>The drill has variable speed control.</i></p><p><i>variable lighting</i></p></li></ul>

Word: variance

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   ( ) the amount by which something changes or is different from something else ( )  disagreeing with or opposing somebody/something<p><i>variance in temperature</i></p><p><i>a note with subtle variances of pitch</i></p><p><i>These conclusions are totally at variance with the evidence.</i></p><p><i>He uttered a string of oaths, so oddly at variance with his usual smooth and civilized manner.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: variant

Meaning: <ul><li>variant (of/on something) a thing that is a slightly different form or type of something else<p><i>This game is a variant of baseball.</i></p><p><i>variant forms of spelling</i></p></li></ul>

Word: variation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   variation (in/of something) a change, especially in the amount or level of something<p><i>The dial records very slight variations in pressure.</i></p><p><i>Currency exchange rates are always subject to variation.</i></p><p><i>regional/seasonal variation (= depending on the region or time of year)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   variation (on something) a thing that is different from other things in the same general group<p><i>This soup is a spicy variation on a traditional favourite.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   variation (on something) ( music )  any of a set of short pieces of music based on a simple tune repeated in a different and more complicated form<p><i>a set of variations on a theme by Mozart</i></p><p><i>His numerous complaints are all variations on a theme (= all about the same thing) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: varied

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>of many different types<p><i>varied opinions</i></p><p><i>a wide and varied selection of cheeses</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not staying the same, but changing often<p><i>He led a full and varied life.</i></p><p><i>I’ve had a varied career.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: vary

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   vary (in something) ( of a group of similar things )  to be different from each other in size, shape, etc. Synonym   differ<p><i>The students’ work varies considerably in quality.</i></p><p><i>The quality of the students’ work varies considerably.</i></p><p><i>New techniques were introduced with varying degrees of  success.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to change or be different according to the situation<p><i><b>vary with something </b><br>The menu varies with the season.</i></p><p><i><b>vary according to something </b><br>Prices vary according to the type of room you require.</i></p><p><i><b>vary from something to something </b><br>Pulse rates vary slightly from person to person.</i></p><p><i><b>vary (between A and B) </b><br>Class numbers vary between    and  0.</i></p><p><i>‘What time do you start work?’ ‘ It varies .’</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   vary something to make changes to something to make it slightly different<p><i>The job enables me to vary the hours I work.</i></p><p><i>The aerobics instructor varies the routine each week.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: abnormal

Meaning: <ul><li>different from what is usual or expected, especially in a way that is worrying, harmful or not wanted Opposite   normal<p><i>abnormal levels of sugar in the blood</i></p><p><i>They thought his behaviour was abnormal.</i></p><p><i>The ship was blown off course by abnormal weather conditions.</i></p><p><i>abnormally high blood pressure</i></p></li></ul>

Word: achieve

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   achieve something to succeed in reaching a particular goal, status or standard, especially by making an effort for a long time Synonym   attain<p><i>He had finally achieved success.</i></p><p><i>They could not achieve their target of less than  % inflation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   achieve something to succeed in doing something or causing something to happen Synonym   accomplish<p><i>I haven’t achieved very much today.</i></p><p><i>All you’ve achieved is to upset my parents.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to be successful<p><i>Their background gives them little chance of achieving at school.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: achievement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a thing that somebody has done successfully, especially using their own effort and skill<p><i>the greatest scientific achievement of the decade</i></p><p><i>It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.</i></p><p><i>They were proud of their children’s achievements.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act or process of achieving something<p><i>the need to raise standards of achievement in education</i></p><p><i>Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement (= a feeling of pride) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: acquire

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>acquire something to gain something by your own efforts, ability or behaviour<p><i>She has acquired a good knowledge of English.</i></p><p><i>How long will it take to acquire the necessary skills?</i></p><p><i>He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty.</i></p><p><i>I have recently acquired a taste  for olives.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>acquire something to obtain something by buying or being given it<p><i>The company has just acquired new premises.</i></p><p><i>How did the gallery come to acquire so many Picassos?</i></p><p><i>I’ve suddenly acquired a stepbrother.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: acquisition

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of getting something, especially knowledge, a skill, etc<p><i>theories of child language acquisition</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that somebody buys to add to what they already own, usually something valuable<p><i>His latest acquisition is a racehorse.</i></p><p><i>The money will be spent on acquisitions for the university library.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   ( business )  a company, piece of land, etc. bought by somebody, especially another company; the act of buying it<p><i>They have made acquisitions in several EU countries.</i></p><p><i>the acquisition of shares by employees</i></p><p><i>The group has announced its first overseas acquisition: a successful software company.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: administration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( admin )   uncountable   the activities that are done in order to plan, organize and run a business, school or other institution<p><i>Administration costs are passed on to the customer.</i></p><p><i>the day-to-day administration of a company</i></p><p><i>I work in the Sales Administration department.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process or act of organizing the way that something is done<p><i>the administration of justice</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the people who plan, organize and run a business, an institution, etc<p><i>university administrations</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the government of a country, especially the US<p><i>the Obama administration</i></p><p><i>Successive administrations have failed to solve the country’s economic problems.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the act of giving a drug to somebody<p><i>the administration of antibiotics</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( ,  ,  law )  a situation in which the financial affairs of a business that cannot pay its debts are managed by an independent administrator  compare  Chapter   <p><i>If it cannot find extra funds, the company will go into administration .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: administrative

Meaning: <ul><li>connected with organizing the work of a business or an institution<p><i>an administrative job/assistant/error</i></p></li></ul>

Word: administrator

Meaning: <ul><li>a person whose job is to manage and organize the public or business affairs of a company or an institution<p><i>a hospital administrator</i></p></li></ul>

Word: affect

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  often passive   affect somebody/something to produce a change in somebody/something<p><i>How will these changes affect us?</i></p><p><i>Your opinion will not affect my decision.</i></p><p><i>The south of the country was worst affected by the drought.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   affect somebody/something ( of a disease )  to attack somebody or a part of the body; to make somebody become ill/sick<p><i>The condition affects one in five women.</i></p><p><i>Rub the cream into the affected areas.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>affect somebody   often passive   to make somebody have strong feelings of sadness, pity, etc<p><i>They were deeply affected by the news of her death.</i></p><p><i>Try not to let his problems affect you too much.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>affect (to do) something ( )  to pretend to be feeling or thinking something<p><i>She affected a calmness she did not feel.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>affect something ( ,  )  to use or wear something that is intended to impress other people Synonym   put on<p><i>I wish he wouldn’t affect that ridiculous accent.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: affective

Meaning: <ul><li>( technical ) connected with emotions and attitudes<p><i>affective disorders</i></p></li></ul>

Word: appropriacy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the extent to which something is suitable or acceptable</li><li><b> . </b>( linguistics )  the extent to which a word or phrase sounds correct and natural in relation to the situation it is used in</li></ul>

Word: appropriate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>appropriate something to take something, somebody’s ideas, etc. for your own use, especially illegally or without permission<p><i>He was accused of appropriating club funds.</i></p><p><i>Some of the opposition party’s policies have been appropriated by the government.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>appropriate something (for something) to take or give something, especially money for a particular purpose<p><i>Five million dollars have been appropriated for research into the disease.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: appropriate

Meaning: <ul><li>  suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances Opposite   inappropriate      uncountable  <p><i>an appropriate response/measure/method</i></p><p><i>Now that the problem has been identified, appropriate action can be taken.</i></p><p><i>Is now an appropriate time to make a speech?</i></p><p><i>Please debit my Mastercard/Visa/American Express card (delete as appropriate ) (= cross out the options that do not apply) .</i></p><p><i><b>appropriate for something </b><br>Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party.</i></p><p><i><b>appropriate to something </b><br>The book was written in a style appropriate to the age of the children.</i></p><p><i>The government has been accused of not responding appropriately to the needs of the homeless.</i></p><p><i>The chain of volcanoes is known, appropriately enough , as the ‘Ring of Fire’.</i></p><p><i>He questioned the appropriateness of their methods.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: aspect

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a particular part or feature of a situation, an idea, a problem, etc; a way in which it may be considered<p><i>The book aims to cover all aspects of city life.</i></p><p><i>the most important aspect of the debate</i></p><p><i>She felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect.</i></p><p><i>This was one aspect of her character he hadn’t seen before.</i></p><p><i>The consultancy gives advice to manufacturers on the health and safety aspects of their products.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular ,  uncountable   ( )  the appearance of a place, a situation or a person<p><i>Events began to take on a more sinister aspect.</i></p><p><i>the dirty and seedy aspect of the bar</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   ( )  the direction in which a building, window, piece of land, etc. faces; the side of a building that faces a particular direction Synonym   orientation<p><i>Our room had a western aspect.</i></p><p><i>The southern aspect of the school was dominated by the mountain.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( grammar )  the form of a verb that shows, for example, whether the action happens once or repeatedly, is completed or still continuing see also  perfect   adjective  (   )  ,  progressive   adjective   ( ) ,</li></ul>

Word: assist

Meaning: <ul><li>an action in hockey , baseball , etc. in which a player helps another player on the same team to score a goal or point<p><i>He had two goals and an assist in his first game of the season.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assistance

Meaning: <ul><li>    uncountable   ( ) help or support<p><i>technical/economic/military assistance</i></p><p><i>financial assistance  for people on low incomes</i></p><p><i>Can I be of any assistance ?</i></p><p><i>Despite his cries, no one came to his assistance .</i></p><p><i>He can walk only with the assistance of  crutches.</i></p><p><i><b>assistance with something </b><br>She offered me practical assistance with my research.</i></p><p><i><b>assistance in doing something/to do something </b><br>The company provides advice and assistance in finding work.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assistant

Meaning: <ul><li>    only before noun   (abbr.   ) ( often in titles )  having a rank below a senior person and helping them in their work<p><i>the assistant manager</i></p><p><i>Assistant Chief Constable Owen</i></p><p><i>Assistant Attorney General William Weld</i></p></li></ul>

Word: categorize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     to put people or things into groups according to what type they are Synonym   classify    ,    uncountable ,  countable  <p><i><b>categorize somebody/something </b><br>Participants were categorized according to age.</i></p><p><i><b>categorize somebody/something as something </b><br>His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: category

Meaning: <ul><li>  a group of people or things with particular features in common Synonym   class<p><i>Students over    fall into a  different category .</i></p><p><i>The results can be divided into three main categories .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: chapter

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )    countable   a separate section of a book, usually with a number or title<p><i>I’ve just finished Chapter  .</i></p><p><i>in the previous/next/last chapter</i></p><p><i>Have you read the chapter on the legal system?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a period of time in a person’s life or in history<p><i>a difficult chapter in our country’s history</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   all the priests of a cathedral  or members of a religious community<p><i>a meeting of the dean and chapter</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a local branch of a society, club, etc<p><i>the local chapter of the Rotary club</i></p></li></ul>

Word: commission

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to officially ask somebody to write, make or create something or to do a task for you<p><i><b>commission somebody to do something </b><br>She has been commissioned to write a new national anthem.</i></p><p><i><b>commission something </b><br>Publishers have commissioned a French translation of the book.</i></p><p><i>The survey on consumer taste was commissioned by local stores.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   to choose somebody as an officer in one of the armed forces<p><i><b>commission somebody </b><br>She was commissioned in  0 .</i></p><p><i><b>commission somebody (as) something </b><br>He has just been commissioned (as a) pilot officer.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: commissioner

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a member of a commission  (= an official group of people who are responsible for controlling something or finding out about something)<p><i>the Church Commissioners (= the group of people responsible for controlling the financial affairs of the Church of England)</i></p><p><i>European Commissioners</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( police commissioner ) the head of a particular police force in some countries</li><li><b> . </b>the head of a government department in some countries<p><i>the agriculture/health, etc. commissioner</i></p><p><i>Commissioner Rhodes was unavailable for comment.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(in the US) an official chosen by a sports association to control it<p><i>the baseball commissioner</i></p></li></ul>

Word: community

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  singular   all the people who live in a particular area, country, etc. when talked about as a group<p><i>The local community  was shocked by the murders.</i></p><p><i>health workers based in the community (= working with people in a local area)</i></p><p><i>the international community (= the countries of the world as a group)</i></p><p><i>good community relations with the police</i></p><p><i>community parks/libraries (= paid for by the local town/city)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   a group of people who share the same religion, race, job, etc<p><i>the Polish community in London</i></p><p><i>ethnic communities</i></p><p><i>the farming community</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the feeling of sharing things and belonging to a group in the place where you live<p><i>There is a strong sense of community in this town.</i></p><p><i>community spirit</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( biology )  a group of plants and animals growing or living in the same place or environment<p><i>a community fish tank</i></p></li></ul>

Word: complex

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a group of buildings of a similar type together in one place<p><i>a sports complex</i></p><p><i>an industrial complex (= a site with many factories)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a group of things that are connected<p><i>This is just one of a whole complex of issues.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( especially in compounds )  a mental state that is not normal see also  inferiority complex  ,  Oedipus complex  ,  persecution complex   ,  ,<p><i>to suffer from a guilt complex</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>if somebody has a complex  about something, they are worried about it in way that is not normal<p><i>Don’t mention her weight—she has a complex about it.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: complexity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of being formed of many parts; the state of being difficult to understand<p><i>the increasing complexity of modern telecommunication systems</i></p><p><i>I was astonished by the size and complexity of the problem.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the features of a problem or situation that are difficult to understand<p><i>the complexities of the system</i></p></li></ul>

Word: compute

Meaning: <ul><li>compute something ( )  to calculate something<p><i>The losses were computed at £  million.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: computation

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   ( ) an act or the process of calculating something<p><i>All the statistical computations were performed by the new software system.</i></p><p><i>an error in the computation</i></p></li></ul>

Word: computational

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   using or connected with computers<p><i>computational methods</i></p><p><i>a computational approach</i></p></li></ul>

Word: computer

Meaning: <ul><li>  an electronic machine that can store, organize and find information, do calculations and control other machines see also  desktop computer  ,  microcomputer  ,  personal computer  ,  supercomputer   ,  ,  ,<p><i>a personal computer</i></p><p><i>Our sales information is processed by computer.</i></p><p><i>a computer program</i></p><p><i>computer software/hardware/graphics</i></p><p><i>a computer error</i></p><p><i>computer-aided design</i></p></li></ul>

Word: computing

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the fact of using computers<p><i>to work in computing</i></p><p><i>to study computing</i></p><p><i>educational/network/scientific computing</i></p><p><i>computing power/services/skills/systems</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conclude

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( not used in the progressive tenses )  to decide or believe something as a result of what you have heard or seen<p><i><b>conclude something (from something) </b><br>What do you conclude from that?</i></p><p><i><b>conclude (that)… </b><br>The report concluded (that) the cheapest option was to close the laboratory.</i></p><p><i><b>conclude from something that… </b><br>He concluded from their remarks that they were not in favour of the plan.</i></p><p><i><b>it is concluded that… </b><br>It was concluded that the level of change necessary would be low.</i></p><p><i><b>+ speech </b><br>‘So it should be safe to continue,’ he concluded.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to come to an end; to bring something to an end<p><i>Let me make just a few concluding remarks.</i></p><p><i><b>conclude with something </b><br>The programme concluded with Stravinsky’s ‘Rite of Spring’.</i></p><p><i><b>conclude by doing something </b><br>He concluded by wishing everyone a safe trip home.</i></p><p><i><b>conclude something (with something) </b><br>The commission concluded its investigation last month.</i></p><p><i>She concluded her speech with a quotation from Shakespeare.</i></p><p><i><b>+ speech </b><br>‘Anyway, she should be back soon,’ he concluded.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   conclude something (with somebody) ( )  to arrange and settle an agreement with somebody formally and finally<p><i>They concluded a treaty with Turkey.</i></p><p><i>A trade agreement was concluded between the two countries.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conclusion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that you decide when you have thought about all the information connected with the situation<p><i>I’ve come to the conclusion  that he’s not the right person for the job.</i></p><p><i>It took the jury some time to reach the conclusion  that she was guilty.</i></p><p><i>New evidence might lead to the conclusion  that we are wrong.</i></p><p><i>We can safely draw some conclusions  from our discussion.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   the end of something such as a speech or a piece of writing<p><i>The conclusion of the book was disappointing.</i></p><p><i>In conclusion (= finally) , I would like to thank…</i></p><p><i>If we took this argument to its logical conclusion  …</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the formal and final arrangement of something official Synonym   completion<p><i>the successful conclusion of a trade treaty</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conclusive

Meaning: <ul><li>proving something, and allowing no doubt or confusion Opposite   inconclusive<p><i>conclusive evidence/proof/results</i></p><p><i>The evidence is by no means conclusive.</i></p><p><i>to prove something conclusively</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conduct

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person’s behaviour in a particular place or in a particular situation<p><i>The sport has a strict code of conduct.</i></p><p><i>improving standards of training and professional conduct</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>conduct of something the way in which a business or an activity is organized and managed<p><i>There was growing criticism of the government’s conduct of the war.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consequence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   consequence (of something) (for somebody/something) a result of something that has happened<p><i>This decision could have serious consequences  for the industry.</i></p><p><i>Two hundred people lost their jobs as a  direct consequence  of the merger.</i></p><p><i>He drove too fast with tragic consequences.</i></p><p><i>to suffer/face/take the consequences  of your actions</i></p><p><i>Have you considered the possible consequences?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  importance<p><i>Don’t worry. It’s of no consequence .</i></p><p><i>people of some consequence in the art world</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  a game in which each player writes the first line of a story on a piece of paper and then passes it to the next player who writes the second line, and so on. Each player folds the paper so that the next player cannot see what is already written. The result is a number of crazy and often funny stories. The stories follow a pattern that always begins with the names of two people and ends with the sentence ‘And the consequence was…’.</li></ul>

Word: consequent

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) happening as a result of something Synonym   resultant<p><i>the lowering of taxes and the consequent increase in spending</i></p><p><i><b>consequent on/upon something </b><br>the responsibilities consequent upon the arrival of a new child</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consequently

Meaning: <ul><li>as a result; therefore<p><i>This poses a threat to agriculture and the food chain, and consequently to human health.</i></p><p><i>She failed her exams and was consequently unable to start her studies at college.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: construct

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an idea or a belief that is based on various pieces of evidence which are not always true<p><i>a contrast between lived reality and the construct held in the mind</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( linguistics )  a group of words that form a phrase</li><li><b> . </b>a thing that is built or made</li></ul>

Word: construction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process or method of building or making something, especially roads, buildings, bridges, etc<p><i>the construction industry</i></p><p><i>road construction</i></p><p><i>Work has begun on the construction of the new airport.</i></p><p><i>Our new offices are still under construction (= being built) .</i></p><p><i>the construction of a new database</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the way that something has been built or made<p><i>strong in construction</i></p><p><i>ships of steel construction</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a thing that has been built or made<p><i>The summer house was a simple wooden construction.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the way in which words are used together and arranged to form a sentence, phrase, etc<p><i>grammatical constructions</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the creating of something from ideas, opinions and knowledge<p><i>the construction of a new theory</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  the way in which words, actions, statements, etc. are understood by somebody Synonym   interpretation<p><i>What construction do you put on this letter (= what do you think it means) ?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constructive

Meaning: <ul><li>having a useful and helpful effect rather than being negative or with no purpose compare  destructive<p><i>constructive criticism/suggestions/advice</i></p><p><i>His work involved helping hyperactive children to use their energy in a constructive way.</i></p><p><i>The government is encouraging all parties to play a constructive role in the reform process.</i></p><p><i>Use your time constructively.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consume

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>consume something to use something, especially fuel, energy or time<p><i>The electricity industry consumes large amounts of fossil fuels.</i></p><p><i>   per cent of the world’s population consumes   per cent of the planet’s resources.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>consume something to eat or drink something<p><i>Before he died he had consumed a large quantity of alcohol.</i></p><p><i>a half-consumed loaf of bread</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>consume somebody (with something)   usually passive   to fill somebody with a strong feeling<p><i>Carolyn was consumed with guilt.</i></p><p><i>Rage consumed him.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>consume something ( of fire )  to completely destroy something<p><i>The hotel was quickly consumed by fire.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consumer

Meaning: <ul><li>  a person who buys goods or uses services compare  producer<p><i>consumer demand/choice/rights</i></p><p><i>Health-conscious consumers want more information about the food they buy.</i></p><p><i>a consumer society (= one where buying and selling is considered to be very important)</i></p><p><i>providers and consumers of public services</i></p><p><i>Tax cuts will boost consumer confidence  after the recession.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consumption

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used see also  consume<p><i>the production of fuel for domestic consumption (= to be used in the country where it is produced)</i></p><p><i>Gas and oil consumption always increases in cold weather.</i></p><p><i>The meat was declared unfit for human consumption .</i></p><p><i>He was advised to reduce his alcohol consumption.</i></p><p><i>Her speech to party members was not intended for public consumption (= to be heard by the public) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the act of buying and using products see also  conspicuous consumption  ,  consume   ,<p><i>Consumption rather than saving has become the central feature of contemporary societies.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a serious infectious disease of the lungs Synonym   tuberculosis</li></ul>

Word: credit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to add an amount of money to somebody’s bank account<p><i><b>credit A (with B) </b><br>Your account has been credited with $ 0000.</i></p><p><i><b>credit B (to A) </b><br>$ 000 has been credited to your account.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   to believe or say that somebody is responsible for doing something, especially something good<p><i><b>credit somebody </b><br>All the contributors are credited on the title page.</i></p><p><i>She has been wrongly credited as the author.</i></p><p><i><b>credit A with B </b><br>The company is credited with inventing the industrial robot.</i></p><p><i><b>credit B to A </b><br>The invention of the industrial robot is credited to the company.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>credit A with B to believe that somebody/something has a particular good quality or feature<p><i>I credited you with a little more sense.</i></p><p><i>Credit me with some intelligence.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   credit somebody/something as something to believe that somebody/something is of a particular type or quality<p><i>The cheetah is generally credited as the world’s fastest animal.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>credit something |  credit what, how, etc… |  credit that… ( ) ( used mainly in questions and negative sentences )  to believe something, especially something surprising or unexpected<p><i>He’s been promoted—would you credit it?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: creditor

Meaning: <ul><li>a person, company, etc. that somebody owes money to compare  debtor<p><i>The property will be sold to pay off their creditors.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cultural

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with the culture of a particular society or group, its customs, beliefs, etc<p><i>cultural differences between the two communities</i></p><p><i>economic, social and cultural factors</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with art, literature, music, etc<p><i>a cultural event</i></p><p><i>Europe’s cultural heritage</i></p><p><i>The orchestra is very important for the cultural life of the city.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: culture

Meaning: <ul><li>culture something ( biology ,  medical )  to grow a group of cells or bacteria for medical or scientific study</li></ul>

Word: cultured

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of people )  well educated and able to understand and enjoy art, literature, etc. Synonym   cultivated    Opposite   uncultured<p><i>Mrs Ramsay was a cultured woman who travelled a great deal.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of cells or bacteria )  grown for medical or scientific study<p><i>cultured cells</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of pearls  )  grown artificially</li></ul>

Word: transfer

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of moving somebody/something from one place, group or job to another; an occasion when this happens<p><i>electronic data transfer</i></p><p><i>the transfer of currency from one country to another</i></p><p><i>He has asked for a transfer to the company’s Paris branch.</i></p><p><i>After the election there was a swift transfer of power .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of moving a sports player from one club or team to another<p><i>It was the first goal he had scored since his transfer from Chelsea.</i></p><p><i>a transfer fee</i></p><p><i>to be on the transfer list (= available to join another club)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   an act of changing to a different place, vehicle or route when you are travelling<p><i>The transfer from the airport to the hotel is included in the price.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a ticket that allows a passenger to continue their journey on another bus or train</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ) ( decal ) a picture or design that can be removed from a piece of paper and stuck onto a surface, for example by being pressed or heated</li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( psychology )  the process of using behaviour which has already been learned in one situation in a new situation see also  language transfer</li></ul>

Word: restrictive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>preventing people from doing what they want<p><i>restrictive laws</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( defining ) ( grammar ) ( of relative clauses  )  explaining which particular person or thing you are talking about rather than giving extra information about them. In ‘ The books which are on the table are mine ’ , ‘which are on the table’ is a restrictive  relative clause. ‘ ’ compare  non-restrictive</li></ul>

Word: deregulate

Meaning: <ul><li>  often passive   deregulate something to free a trade, a business activity, etc. from rules and controls Synonym   decontrol      uncountable     only before noun  <p><i>deregulated financial markets</i></p><p><i>deregulatory reforms</i></p></li></ul>

Word: design

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to decide how something will look, work, etc, especially by drawing plans or making models<p><i><b>design something </b><br>to design a car/a dress/an office</i></p><p><i>a badly designed kitchen</i></p><p><i>He designed and built his own house.</i></p><p><i><b>design something for somebody/something </b><br>They asked me to design a poster for the campaign.</i></p><p><i><b>design somebody something </b><br>Could you design us a poster?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>design something to think of and plan a system, a way of doing something, etc<p><i>We need to design a new syllabus for the third year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   to make, plan or intend something for a particular purpose or use<p><i><b>design something (for something) </b><br>The method is specifically designed for use in small groups.</i></p><p><i><b>design something (as something) </b><br>This course is primarily designed as an introduction to the subject.</i></p><p><i><b>design something to do something </b><br>The programme is designed to help people who have been out of work for a long time.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: designer

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   made by a famous designer ; expensive and having a famous brand name<p><i>designer jeans</i></p><p><i>designer labels</i></p><p><i>designer water</i></p><p><i>He had a trendy haircut, an earring and designer stubble (= a short beard, grown for two or three days and thought to look fashionable) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: distinct

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>easily or clearly heard, seen, felt, etc<p><i>There was a distinct smell of gas.</i></p><p><i>His voice was quiet but every word was distinct.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>clearly different or of a different kind<p><i>The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups.</i></p><p><i><b>distinct from something </b><br>Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues.</i></p><p><i>rural areas, as distinct from  major cities</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   used to emphasize that you think an idea or situation definitely exists and is important Synonym   definite<p><i>Being tall gave Tony a distinct advantage.</i></p><p><i>I had the distinct impression I was being watched.</i></p><p><i>A strike is now a distinct possibility.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: distinction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   distinction (between A and B) a clear difference or contrast especially between people or things that are similar or related<p><i>distinctions between traditional and modern societies</i></p><p><i>Philosophers did not use to make a distinction  between arts and science.</i></p><p><i>We need to draw a distinction  between the two events.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the quality of being excellent or important<p><i>a writer of distinction</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   the quality of being something that is special<p><i>She had the distinction of  being the first woman to fly the Atlantic.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   distinction (between A and B) the separation of people or things into different groups<p><i>The new law makes no distinction  between adults and children (= treats them equally) .</i></p><p><i>All groups are entitled to this money without distinction .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a special mark/grade or award that is given to somebody, especially a student, for excellent work<p><i>Naomi got a distinction in maths.</i></p><p><i>He graduated with distinction .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: distinctive

Meaning: <ul><li>having a quality or characteristic that makes something different and easily noticed Synonym   characteristic<p><i>clothes with a distinctive style</i></p><p><i>The male bird has distinctive white markings on its head.</i></p><p><i>a distinctively nutty flavour</i></p></li></ul>

Word: element

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   element (in/of something) a necessary or typical part of something<p><i>Cost was a key element  in our decision.</i></p><p><i>The story has all the elements of a soap opera.</i></p><p><i>Customer relations is an important element of the job.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a small amount of a quality or feeling<p><i>We need to preserve the element of surprise.</i></p><p><i>There appears to be an element of truth in his story.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   a group of people who form a part of a larger group or society<p><i>moderate/radical elements  within the party</i></p><p><i>unruly elements in the school</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a simple chemical substance that consists of atoms of only one type and cannot be split by chemical means into a simpler substance. Gold, oxygen  and carbon  are all elements . compare  compound</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   one of the four substances: earth, air, fire and water, which people used to believe everything else was made of</li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the weather, especially bad weather<p><i>Are we going to brave the elements and go for a walk?</i></p><p><i>to be exposed to the elements</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the basic principles of a subject that you have to learn first Synonym   basics<p><i>He taught me the elements of map-reading.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a natural or suitable environment, especially for an animal<p><i>Water is a fish’s natural element.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the part of a piece of electrical equipment that gives out heat<p><i>The kettle needs a new element.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: equate

Meaning: <ul><li>equate something (with something) to think that something is the same as something else or is as important to be equal to something else<p><i>Some parents equate education with exam success.</i></p><p><i>I don’t see how you can equate the two things.</i></p><p><i>A $ 00 raise equates to   %.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: equation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( mathematics )  a statement showing that two amounts or values are equal, for example  x + y =   </li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the act of making something equal or considering something as equal (= of equating  them)<p><i>The equation of wealth with happiness can be dangerous.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a problem or situation in which several things must be considered and dealt with<p><i>When children enter the equation , further tensions may arise within a marriage.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: evaluate

Meaning: <ul><li>to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully Synonym   assess      countable ,  uncountable  <p><i><b>evaluate something </b><br>Our research attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs.</i></p><p><i><b>evaluate how, whether, etc… </b><br>We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.</i></p><p><i>an evaluation of the health care system</i></p></li></ul>

Word: feature

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to include a particular person or thing as a special feature<p><i><b>feature somebody/something as somebody/something </b><br>The film features Cary Grant as a professor.</i></p><p><i><b>feature somebody/something </b><br>The latest model features alloy wheels and an electronic alarm.</i></p><p><i>Many of the hotels featured in the brochure offer special deals for weekend breaks.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   feature (in something) to have an important part in something<p><i>Olive oil and garlic feature prominently in his recipes.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: final

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   the last of a series of games or competitions in which the winner is decided see also  quarter-final  ,  semi-final   ,<p><i>She reached the final of the  00m hurdles.</i></p><p><i>The players met in last year’s final.</i></p><p><i>the    World Cup Finals (= the last few games in the competition)</i></p><p><i>They will now go through to the final.</i></p><p><i>The winner of each contest goes through to the grand final .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   ( )  the last exams taken by university students at the end of their final year<p><i>to sit/take  your finals</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  an exam taken by school, university or college students at the end of a semester  or quarter , usually in a topic that they will not study again</li></ul>

Word: finality

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the quality of being final and impossible to change<p><i>the finality of death</i></p><p><i>There was a note of finality in his voice.</i></p><p><i>‘No’, she said with finality.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: finalize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     finalize something to complete the last part of a plan, trip, project, etc ,    uncountable  <p><i>to finalize  your plans/arrangements</i></p><p><i>They met to finalize the terms of the treaty.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: finally

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>after a long time, especially when there has been some difficulty or delay Synonym   eventually<p><i>The performance finally started half an hour late.</i></p><p><i>The law was finally passed in May  0 .</i></p><p><i>I finally managed to get her attention.</i></p><p><i>Are you finally going to tell me why I’m here?</i></p><p><i>When they finally arrived it was well past midnight.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used to introduce the last in a list of things Synonym   lastly<p><i>And finally, I would like to thank you all for coming here today.</i></p><p><i>Finally, stir in the fruit and walnuts.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that ends all discussion about something<p><i>The matter was not finally settled until later.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: focus

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   the thing or person that people are most interested in; the act of paying special attention to something and making people interested in it<p><i>It was the main focus of attention  at the meeting.</i></p><p><i><b>focus for something </b><br>His comments provided a focus for debate.</i></p><p><i><b>focus on something </b><br>We shall maintain our focus on the needs of the customer.</i></p><p><i>In today’s lecture the focus will be on tax structures within the European Union.</i></p><p><i>The incident brought  the problem of violence in schools into  sharp focus .</i></p><p><i>What we need now is a change of focus (= to look at things in a different way) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a point or distance at which the outline of an object is clearly seen by the eye or through a lens<p><i>The children’s faces are badly out of focus (= not clearly shown)  in the photograph.</i></p><p><i>The binoculars were not in focus (= were not showing things clearly) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( focal point )   countable   ( physics )  a point at which waves of light, sound, etc. meet after reflection  or refraction ; the point from which waves of light, sound, etc. seem to come</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( geology )  the point at which an earthquake  starts to happen</li></ul>

Word: impact

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to have an effect on something Synonym   affect<p><i><b>impact on/upon something </b><br>Her father’s death impacted greatly on her childhood years.</i></p><p><i><b>impact something </b><br>The company’s performance was impacted by the high value of the pound.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   impact (on/upon/with) something ( )  to hit something with great force</li></ul>

Word: inappropriate

Meaning: <ul><li>not suitable or appropriate in a particular situation Opposite   appropriate      uncountable     uncountable  <p><i>inappropriate behaviour/language</i></p><p><i><b>inappropriate (for somebody/something) (to do something) </b><br>It would be inappropriate for me to  comment.</i></p><p><i><b>inappropriate to/for something </b><br>clothes inappropriate to the occasion</i></p><p><i>She was inappropriately dressed for a funeral.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inconclusive

Meaning: <ul><li>not leading to a definite decision or result Opposite   conclusive<p><i>inconclusive evidence/results/tests</i></p><p><i>inconclusive discussions</i></p><p><i>A coalition government was formed following an inconclusive general election.</i></p><p><i>The last meeting had ended inconclusively.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indistinct

Meaning: <ul><li>that cannot be seen, heard or remembered clearly Synonym   vague   ,  hazy    ,<p><i>an indistinct figure in the distance</i></p><p><i>His memory of the incident was somewhat indistinct.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: injure

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>injure somebody/something/yourself to harm yourself or somebody else physically, especially in an accident<p><i>He injured his knee playing hockey.</i></p><p><i>Three people were killed and five injured in the crash.</i></p><p><i>She injured herself during training.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>injure something to damage somebody’s reputation, pride, etc<p><i>This could seriously injure the company’s reputation.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: injured

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>physically hurt; having an injury Opposite   uninjured<p><i>an injured leg</i></p><p><i>Luckily, she isn’t injured.</i></p><p><i>Carter is playing in place of the injured O’Reilly.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the people injured in an accident, a battle, etc<p><i>Ambulances took the injured to a nearby hospital.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person or their feelings )  upset or offended because something unfair has been done<p><i>an injured look/tone</i></p><p><i>injured pride</i></p></li></ul>

Word: injury

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   harm done to a person’s or an animal’s body, for example in an accident<p><i>serious injury/injuries</i></p><p><i>minor injuries</i></p><p><i>to sustain injuries/an injury</i></p><p><i>to escape injury</i></p><p><i>The passengers escaped with only minor injuries.</i></p><p><i><b>injury (to somebody/something) </b><br>injury to the head</i></p><p><i>a head injury</i></p><p><i>Two players are out of the team because of injury .</i></p><p><i>There were no injuries  in the crash (= no people injured) .</i></p><p><i>No damage or injuries were reported.</i></p><p><i>Don’t do that. You’ll do yourself an injury (= hurt yourself) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( law )  damage to a person’s feelings<p><i>Damages may be awarded for emotional injury.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: insecure

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>not confident about yourself or your relationships with other people<p><i>He’s very insecure about his appearance.</i></p><p><i>She felt nervous and insecure.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not safe or protected<p><i>Jobs nowadays are much more insecure than they were ten years ago.</i></p><p><i>As an artist he was always financially insecure.</i></p><p><i>Insecure doors and windows (= for example, without good locks)  make life easy for burglars.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: institute

Meaning: <ul><li>institute something ( )  to introduce a system, policy, etc. or start a process<p><i>to institute criminal proceedings against somebody</i></p><p><i>The new management intends to institute a number of changes.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: institution

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a large important organization that has a particular purpose, for example, a university or bank<p><i>an educational/financial, etc. institution</i></p><p><i>the Smithsonian Institution</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a building where people with special needs are taken care of, for example because they are old or mentally ill<p><i>a mental institution</i></p><p><i>We want this to be like a home, not an institution.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a custom or system that has existed for a long time among a particular group of people<p><i>the institution of marriage</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of starting or introducing something such as a system or a law<p><i>the institution of new safety procedures</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ,  )  a person who is well known because they have been in a particular place or job for a long time<p><i>You must know him—he’s an institution around here!</i></p></li></ul>

Word: institutional

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   connected with an institution<p><i>institutional investors</i></p><p><i>institutional care</i></p></li></ul>

Word: institutionalize

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>institutionalize somebody to send somebody who is not capable of living independently to live in a special building (= an institution)  especially when it is for a long period of time</li><li><b> . </b>institutionalize something to make something become part of an organized system, society or culture, so that it is considered normal</li></ul>

Word: institutionalized

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  that has happened or been done for so long that it is considered normal<p><i>institutionalized racism</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of people )  lacking the ability to live and think independently because they have spent so long in an institution<p><i>institutionalized patients</i></p></li></ul>

Word: invest

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to buy property, shares in a company, etc. in the hope of making a profit<p><i><b>invest (in something) </b><br>Now is a good time to invest in the property market.</i></p><p><i><b>invest something (in something) </b><br>He invested his life savings in his daughter’s business.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( of an organization or government, etc. )  to spend money on something in order to make it better or more successful<p><i><b>invest (in/on something) </b><br>The government has invested heavily  in public transport.</i></p><p><i><b>invest something (in/on something) </b><br>The college is to invest $  million in a new conference hall.</i></p><p><i>In his time managing the club he has invested millions on new players.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   invest something (in something) |  invest something (in) doing something to spend time, energy, effort, etc. on something that you think is good or useful<p><i>She had invested all her adult life in the relationship.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( )  to give somebody power or authority, especially as part of their job see also  investiture<p><i><b>invest somebody (with something) </b><br>The new position invested her with a good deal of responsibility.</i></p><p><i><b>invest somebody (as something) </b><br>The interview was broadcast on the same day he was invested as President.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: investment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of investing money in something<p><i>to encourage  foreign investment</i></p><p><i>investment income</i></p><p><i><b>investment in something </b><br>This country needs investment in education.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the money that you invest, or the thing that you invest in<p><i>a minimum investment of $ 0000</i></p><p><i>a high return on my investments</i></p><p><i>Our investments are not doing well.</i></p><p><i>We bought the house as an investment (= to make money) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a thing that is worth buying because it will be useful or helpful<p><i>A microwave is a good investment .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of giving time or effort to a particular task in order to make it successful<p><i>The project has demanded considerable investment of time and effort.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: investor

Meaning: <ul><li>a person or an organization that invests money in something<p><i>small investors (= private people)</i></p><p><i>institutional investors</i></p></li></ul>

Word: irrelevance

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   lack of importance to or connection with a situation Opposite   relevance<p><i>the irrelevance of the curriculum to children’s daily life</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   something that is not important to or connected with a situation<p><i>His idea was rejected as an irrelevance.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: irrelevant

Meaning: <ul><li>not important to or connected with a situation Opposite   relevant<p><i>totally/completely/largely irrelevant</i></p><p><i>irrelevant remarks</i></p><p><i>Whether I believe you or not is irrelevant now.</i></p><p><i><b>irrelevant to something/somebody </b><br>That evidence is irrelevant to the case.</i></p><p><i>Many people consider politics irrelevant to their lives.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: item

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>one thing on a list of things to buy, do, talk about, etc<p><i>What’s the next item on the agenda?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a single article or object<p><i>Can I pay for each item separately?</i></p><p><i>The computer was my largest single item of expenditure.</i></p><p><i>A windproof jacket is an essential item of clothing for hillwalking.</i></p><p><i>This clock is a collector’s item (= because it is rare and valuable) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a single piece of news in a newspaper, on television, etc<p><i>an item of news/a news item</i></p><p><i>I heard an item on the radio about women engineers.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: itemize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     itemize something to produce a detailed list of things<p><i>The report itemizes    different faults.</i></p><p><i>an itemized phone bill (= each call is shown separately)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: journal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or profession<p><i>a scientific/trade journal</i></p><p><i>the British Medical Journal</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used in the title of some newspapers<p><i>the Wall Street Journal</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a written record of the things you do, see, etc. every day compare  diary<p><i>He kept a journal  of his travels across Asia.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: maintain

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>maintain something to make something continue at the same level, standard, etc. Synonym   preserve<p><i>to maintain law and order/standards/a balance</i></p><p><i>The two countries have always maintained close relations.</i></p><p><i>She maintained a dignified silence.</i></p><p><i>to maintain prices (= prevent them falling or rising)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>maintain something to keep a building, a machine, etc. in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly<p><i>The house is large and difficult to maintain.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to keep stating that something is true, even though other people do not agree or do not believe it Synonym   insist<p><i><b>maintain (that)… </b><br>The men maintained (that) they were out of the country when the crime was committed.</i></p><p><i><b>maintain something </b><br>She has always maintained her innocence .</i></p><p><i><b>+ speech </b><br>‘But I’m innocent!’ she maintained.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>maintain somebody/something to support somebody/something over a long period of time by giving money, paying for food, etc. Synonym   keep<p><i>Her income was barely enough to maintain one child, let alone three.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: maintenance

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>maintenance (of something) the act of keeping something in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly<p><i>The school pays for heating and the maintenance of the buildings.</i></p><p><i>car maintenance</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>maintenance (of something) the act of making a state or situation continue<p><i>the maintenance of international peace</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( law ) ( )  money that somebody must pay regularly to their former wife, husband or partner, especially when they have had children together see also  alimony<p><i>He has to pay maintenance to his ex-wife.</i></p><p><i>child maintenance</i></p><p><i>a maintenance order (= given by a court of law)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: non-traditional

Meaning: <ul><li>not following the usual methods, practices, etc. in a particular area of activity Opposite   traditional<p><i>students from non-traditional backgrounds</i></p><p><i>Her artworks use a mix of traditional and non-traditional materials.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: normal

Meaning: <ul><li>    uncountable   the usual or average state, level or standard<p><i>above/below normal</i></p><p><i>Things soon returned to normal .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: normality

Meaning: <ul><li>( normalcy )   uncountable   a situation where everything is normal or as you would expect it to be<p><i>They are hoping for a return to normality  now that the war is over.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: normalize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )       transitive ,  intransitive   normalize (something) ( )  to fit or make something fit a normal pattern or condition ,    uncountable  <p><i>a lotion to normalize oily skin</i></p><p><i>The two countries agreed to normalize relations (= return to a normal, friendly relationship, for example after a disagreement or war) .</i></p><p><i>It took time until the political situation had normalized.</i></p><p><i>the normalization of relations</i></p></li></ul>

Word: normally

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>usually; in normal circumstances<p><i>I’m not normally allowed to stay out late.</i></p><p><i>It’s normally much warmer than this in July.</i></p><p><i>It normally takes   minutes to get there.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in the usual or ordinary way<p><i>Her heart is beating normally.</i></p><p><i>Just try to behave normally.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: obtain

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   obtain something to get something, especially by making an effort<p><i>to obtain advice/information/permission</i></p><p><i>I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report.</i></p><p><i>Further details can be obtained by writing to the above address.</i></p><p><i>To obtain the overall score, add up the totals in each column.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( not used in the progressive tenses ) ( of rules, systems, customs, etc. )  to exist Synonym   apply<p><i>These conditions no longer obtain.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: obtainable

Meaning: <ul><li>  not usually before noun   that can be obtained Synonym   available<p><i>Full details are obtainable from any post office.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: participant

Meaning: <ul><li>participant (in something) a person who is taking part in an activity or event<p><i>He has been an active participant in the discussion.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: participate

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive   participate (in something) ( )  to take part in or become involved in an activity<p><i>She didn’t participate in the discussion.</i></p><p><i>We encourage students to participate fully in the running of the college.</i></p><p><i>Details of the competition are available at all participating stores.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: participation

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the act of taking part in an activity or event<p><i>a show with lots of audience participation</i></p><p><i><b>participation in something </b><br>A back injury prevented active participation in any sports for a while.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: participatory

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   allowing everyone in a society, business, etc. to give their opinions and to help make decisions<p><i>Participatory democracy is a fundamental principle of cooperative businesses.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: perceive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to notice or become aware of something Help <p><i><b>perceive something </b><br>I perceived a change in his behaviour.</i></p><p><i><b>perceive that… </b><br>She perceived that all was not well.</i></p><p><i><b>perceive somebody/something to be/have something </b><br>The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to understand or think of somebody/something in a particular way Synonym   see    Help <p><i><b>perceive somebody/something/yourself (as something) </b><br>This discovery was perceived as a major breakthrough.</i></p><p><i>She did not perceive herself as disabled.</i></p><p><i>A science degree and artistic interests are often perceived as incompatible.</i></p><p><i><b>perceive somebody/something to be/have something </b><br>They were widely perceived to have been unlucky.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: perception

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( technical )  the way you notice things, especially with the senses see also  extrasensory perception<p><i>our perception of reality</i></p><p><i>visual perception</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the ability to understand the true nature of something Synonym   insight<p><i>She showed great perception in her assessment of the family situation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( )  an idea, a belief or an image you have as a result of how you see or understand something<p><i>a campaign to change public perception of the police</i></p><p><i><b>perception that… </b><br>There is a general public perception that standards in schools are falling.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: positive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a good or useful quality or aspect<p><i>Take your weaknesses and translate them into positives.</i></p><p><i>To manage your way out of recession, accentuate the positive.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( technical )  a developed film showing light and dark areas and colours as they actually were, especially one printed from a negative</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the result of a test or an experiment that shows that a substance or condition is present Opposite   negative</li></ul>

Word: positively

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>used to emphasize the truth of a statement, especially when this is surprising or when it contrasts with a previous statement<p><i>Some diets may be positively dangerous.</i></p><p><i>The instructions were not just confusing, they were positively misleading.</i></p><p><i>Tonight’s performance is positively the last time the band will appear together.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that shows you are thinking of the good things about a situation, not the bad Opposite   negatively<p><i>Very few of those interviewed spoke positively about their childhood.</i></p><p><i>Thinking positively is one way of dealing with stress.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that shows you approve of or agree with something/somebody Opposite   negatively<p><i>Investors reacted positively to news of the takeover.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that leaves no possibility of doubt Synonym   conclusively<p><i>Her attacker has now been positively identified by police.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical )  in a way that contains or produces the type of electricity that is opposite to that carried by an electron<p><i>positively charged protons</i></p></li></ul>

Word: potential

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the possibility of something happening or being developed or used<p><i><b>potential (for) </b><br>the potential for change</i></p><p><i><b>potential (for doing something) </b><br>The European marketplace offers excellent potential for increasing sales.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   qualities that exist and can be developed Synonym   promise<p><i>All children should be encouraged to realize their full potential .</i></p><p><i>She has great potential as an artist.</i></p><p><i>He has the potential to become a world-class musician.</i></p><p><i>The house has a lot of potential.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( physics )  the difference in voltage  between two points in an electric field or circuit</li></ul>

Word: potential

Meaning: <ul><li>    only before noun   that can develop into something or be developed in the future Synonym   possible<p><i>potential customers</i></p><p><i>a potential source of conflict</i></p><p><i>the potential benefits of European integration</i></p><p><i>a potential prime minister</i></p><p><i>First we need to identify actual and potential problems.</i></p><p><i>a potentially dangerous situation</i></p></li></ul>

Word: previous

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>happening or existing before the event or object that you are talking about Synonym   prior<p><i>No previous experience is necessary for this job.</i></p><p><i>The car has only had one previous owner.</i></p><p><i>She is his daughter from a previous marriage.</i></p><p><i>I was unable to attend because of a previous engagement.</i></p><p><i>The judge will take into consideration any previous convictions.</i></p><p><i>We dealt with this in a previous chapter.</i></p><p><i>We had met on two previous occasions.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>immediately before the time you are talking about Synonym   preceding<p><i>I couldn’t believe it when I heard the news. I’d only seen him the previous day.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: primarily

Meaning: <ul><li>  mainly Synonym   chiefly<p><i>a course designed primarily for specialists</i></p><p><i>The problem is not primarily a financial one.</i></p><p><i>The report is primarily concerned with aircraft safety.</i></p><p><i>The person primarily responsible is the project manager.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: primary

Meaning: <ul><li>( primary election ) (in the US) an election in which people in a particular area vote to choose a candidate for a future important election<p><i>the Illinois primary</i></p><p><i>the presidential primaries</i></p></li></ul>

Word: purchase

Meaning: <ul><li>  purchase something (from somebody) ( )  to buy something<p><i>The equipment can be purchased from your local supplier.</i></p><p><i>They purchased the land for $  million.</i></p><p><i>Please ensure that you purchase your ticket in advance.</i></p><p><i>Victory was purchased (= achieved)  at too great a price.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: purchaser

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) a person who buys something compare  buyer</li></ul>

Word: purchasing

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( business ) the activity of buying things, especially for a company<p><i>the company’s purchasing manager</i></p></li></ul>

Word: range

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to vary between two particular amounts, sizes, etc, including others between them<p><i><b>range from A to B </b><br>to range in size/length/price  from A to B</i></p><p><i>Accommodation ranges from tourist class to luxury hotels.</i></p><p><i><b>range between A and B </b><br>Estimates of the damage range between $  million and $  million.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to include a variety of different things in addition to those mentioned see also  wide-ranging<p><i><b>range from A to B </b><br>She has had a number of different jobs, ranging from chef to swimming instructor.</i></p><p><i><b>+ adverb/preposition </b><br>The conversation ranged widely (= covered a lot of different topics) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  usually passive   range somebody/something/yourself + adverb/preposition ( )  to arrange people or things in a particular position or order<p><i>The delegates ranged themselves around the table.</i></p><p><i>Spectators were ranged along the whole route of the procession.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to move around an area<p><i><b>+ adverb/preposition </b><br>He ranges far and wide in search of inspiration for his paintings.</i></p><p><i><b>range something </b><br>Her eyes ranged the room.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reconstruct

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>reconstruct something (from something) to build or make something again that has been damaged or that no longer exists<p><i>Old London Bridge was bought by an American and reconstructed in the US.</i></p><p><i>They have tried to reconstruct the settlement as it would have been in Iron Age times.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reconstruct something to be able to describe or show exactly how a past event happened, using the information you have gathered<p><i>Investigators are trying to reconstruct the circumstances of the crash.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reconstruction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of changing or improving the condition of something or the way it works; the process of putting something back into the state it was in before<p><i>the reconstruction of the educational system</i></p><p><i>the post-war reconstruction of Germany</i></p><p><i>a reconstruction period</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the activity of building again something that has been damaged or destroyed<p><i>the reconstruction of the sea walls</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a copy of something that no longer exists<p><i>The doorway is a   th century reconstruction of Norman work.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a short film showing events that are known to have happened, made in order to try and get more information or better understanding, especially about a crime<p><i>Last night police staged a reconstruction of the incident.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   (in the US) the period after the Civil War when the southern states returned to the US and laws were passed that gave rights to African Americans</li></ul>

Word: re-evaluate

Meaning: <ul><li>re-evaluate something to think about something again, especially in order to form a new opinion about it   countable ,  uncountable  </li></ul>

Word: refocus

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to give attention, effort, etc. to something new or different<p><i><b>refocus (on/upon somebody/something) </b><br>Policy must refocus on people instead of places.</i></p><p><i><b>refocus something (on/upon somebody/something) </b><br>We need to refocus attention on the real issues facing this country.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( of your eyes, a camera, etc. )  to adapt or be adjusted again so that things can be seen clearly; to adjust something again so that you can see things clearly</li></ul>

Word: region

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a large area of land, usually without exact limits or borders<p><i>the Arctic/tropical/desert, etc. regions</i></p><p><i>one of the most densely populated regions of North America</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   one of the areas that a country is divided into, that has its own customs and/or its own government<p><i>the Basque region of Spain</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   ( )  all of a country except the capital city<p><i>People in the regions should not have to travel to London to fly to the United States.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a part of the body, usually one that has a particular character or problem<p><i>pains in the abdominal region</i></p></li></ul>

Word: regional

Meaning: <ul><li>    usually before noun   of or relating to a region<p><i>regional variations in pronunciation</i></p><p><i>the conflict between regional and national interests</i></p><p><i>regional councils/elections/newspapers</i></p><p><i>regionally based television companies</i></p></li></ul>

Word: regulate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   regulate (something) to control something by means of rules<p><i>The activities of credit companies are regulated by law.</i></p><p><i>The government accepts whaling in principle as long as it is carefully regulated.</i></p><p><i>It is up to the regulating authority to put the measures into effect.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   regulate something to control the speed, pressure, temperature, etc. in a machine or system<p><i>This valve regulates the flow of water.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: regulation

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   that must be worn or used according to the official rules<p><i>in regulation uniform</i></p></li></ul>

Word: regulator

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person or an organization that officially controls an area of business or industry and makes sure that it is operating fairly<p><i>Ofgas, the gas industry regulator</i></p><p><i>banking regulators</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a device that automatically controls something such as speed, temperature or pressure<p><i>a pressure regulator</i></p></li></ul>

Word: regulatory

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   having the power to control an area of business or industry and make sure that it is operating fairly<p><i>regulatory bodies/authorities/agencies</i></p><p><i>regulatory procedures</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reinvest

Meaning: <ul><li>  transitive ,  intransitive   reinvest (something) to put profits that have been made on an investment back into the same investment or into a new one   uncountable ,  countable  </li></ul>

Word: relevant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about Opposite   irrelevant<p><i>a relevant suggestion/question/point</i></p><p><i>Do you have the relevant experience?</i></p><p><i>Send me all the relevant information.</i></p><p><i><b>relevant to something/somebody </b><br>These comments are not directly relevant to this inquiry.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>relevant (to something/somebody) having ideas that are valuable and useful to people in their lives and work<p><i>Her novel is still relevant today.</i></p><p><i>How relevant is religious education to most children?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reside

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive   + adverb/preposition ( )  to live in a particular place to be in somebody/something; to be caused by something ( of a power, a right, etc. )  to belong to somebody/something Synonym   be vested in<p><i>He returned to Britain in     , having resided abroad for many years.</i></p><p><i>Their passports do not give them the right to reside in Britain.</i></p><p><i>The poem’s main interest resides in the use of dialect.</i></p><p><i>The source of the problem resides in the fact that the currency is too strong.</i></p><p><i>The ultimate authority resides with the board of directors.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: residence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a house, especially a large or impressive one<p><i>a desirable family residence for sale (= for example, in an advertisement)</i></p><p><i>  Downing Street is the British Prime Minister’s official residence .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of living in a particular place see also  hall of residence<p><i>They were not able to take up residence  in their new home until the spring.</i></p><p><i>Please state your occupation and place of residence .</i></p><p><i>The flag flies when the Queen is in residence .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( residency )   uncountable   permission to live in a country that is not your own<p><i>They have been denied residence in this country.</i></p><p><i>a residence permit</i></p></li></ul>

Word: resident

Meaning: <ul><li>  living in a particular place<p><i>the town’s resident population (= not tourists or visitors)</i></p><p><i>to be resident abroad/in the US</i></p><p><i>Tom’s our resident expert (= our own expert)  on foreign movies.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: residential

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of an area of a town )  suitable for living in; consisting of houses rather than factories or offices<p><i>a quiet residential area</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a job, a course, etc. )  requiring a person to live at a particular place; offering living accommodation<p><i>a residential language course</i></p><p><i>a residential home for the elderly</i></p><p><i>residential care for children</i></p></li></ul>

Word: resource

Meaning: <ul><li>resource something to provide something with the money or equipment that is needed<p><i>Schools in the area are still inadequately resourced.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: resourceful

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) good at finding ways of doing things and solving problems, etc. Synonym   enterprising      uncountable  <p><i>These women were strong, resourceful and courageous.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restrict

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to limit the size, amount or range of something<p><i><b>restrict something to something </b><br>Speed is restricted to   mph in towns.</i></p><p><i>We restrict the number of students per class to  0.</i></p><p><i><b>restrict something </b><br>Fog severely restricted visibility.</i></p><p><i>Having small children tends to restrict your freedom.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>restrict something to stop somebody/something from moving or acting freely Synonym   impede<p><i>The long skirt restricted her movements.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>restrict something (to somebody) to control something with rules or laws<p><i>Access to the club is restricted to members only.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>restrict yourself/somebody (to something/to doing something) to allow yourself or somebody to have only a limited amount of something or to do only a particular kind of activity<p><i>I restrict myself to one cup of coffee a day.</i></p><p><i>Why don’t you restrict yourself to setting down the facts?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restricted

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>limited or small in size or amount<p><i>a restricted space</i></p><p><i>a restricted range of foods</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>limited in what you are able to do<p><i>In those days women led fairly restricted lives.</i></p><p><i>Her vision is restricted in one eye.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>controlled by rules or laws<p><i>to allow children only restricted access to the Internet</i></p><p><i>a restricted area (= controlled by laws about speed or parking)</i></p><p><i>The tournament is restricted to  players under the age of   .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   ( of a place )  only open to people with special permission, especially because it is secret or dangerous<p><i>to enter a restricted zone</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  officially secret and only available to people with special permission Synonym   classified<p><i>a restricted document</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restriction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a rule or law that limits what you can do or what can happen<p><i>import/speed/travel, etc. restrictions</i></p><p><i><b>restriction on something </b><br>to impose/place a restriction on something</i></p><p><i>The government has agreed to lift restrictions  on press freedom.</i></p><p><i>There are no restrictions on the amount of money you can withdraw.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of limiting or controlling somebody/something<p><i>sports clothes that prevent any restriction of movement</i></p><p><i>A diet to lose weight relies on calorie restriction in order to obtain results.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a thing that limits the amount of freedom you have<p><i>the restrictions of a prison</i></p></li></ul>

Word: secure

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to obtain or achieve something, especially when this means using a lot of effort<p><i><b>secure something </b><br>to secure a contract/deal</i></p><p><i>The team managed to secure a place in the finals.</i></p><p><i>She secured  00 votes.</i></p><p><i>The delegation has secured the promise of a ceasefire.</i></p><p><i><b>secure something for somebody/something/yourself </b><br>He secured a place for himself at law school.</i></p><p><i><b>secure somebody/something/yourself something </b><br>He secured himself a place at law school.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>secure something (to something) to attach or fasten something firmly<p><i>She secured the rope firmly to the back of the car.</i></p><p><i>The tables on board were secured firmly to the floor.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to protect something so that it is safe and difficult to attack or damage<p><i><b>secure something against something </b><br>to secure a property against intruders</i></p><p><i><b>secure something </b><br>The windows were secured with locks and bars.</i></p><p><i>a savings plan that will secure your child’s future</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>secure something to legally agree to give somebody property or goods that are worth the same amount as the money that you have borrowed from them, if you are unable to pay the money back<p><i>a loan secured on the house</i></p></li></ul>

Word: secure

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>feeling happy and confident about yourself or a particular situation Opposite   insecure<p><i>At last they were able to feel secure  about the future.</i></p><p><i>She finished the match, secure in the knowledge that  she was through to the next round.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>likely to continue or be successful for a long time Synonym   safe    Opposite   insecure<p><i>a secure job/income</i></p><p><i>It’s not a very secure way to make a living.</i></p><p><i>The future of the company looks secure.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>secure (against/from something) that cannot be affected or harmed by something<p><i>Information must be stored so that it is secure from accidental deletion.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>guarded and/or made stronger so that it is difficult for people to enter or leave Opposite   insecure<p><i>Check that all windows and doors have been made as secure as possible.</i></p><p><i>a secure unit for child offenders</i></p><p><i>The building is secure against intruders.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not likely to move, fall down, etc. Synonym   stable    Opposite   insecure<p><i>The aerial doesn’t look very secure to me.</i></p><p><i>It was difficult to maintain a secure foothold on the ice.</i></p><p><i>Our relationship was now on a more secure footing.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: security

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the activities involved in protecting a country, building or person against attack, danger, etc see also  high-security<p><i>national security (= the defence of a country)</i></p><p><i>airport security</i></p><p><i>They carried out security checks  at the airport.</i></p><p><i>The visit took place amidst tight security (= the use of many police officers) .</i></p><p><i>the security forces/services (= the police, army, etc.)</i></p><p><i>a high/maximum security prison (= for dangerous criminals)</i></p><p><i>a security alert</i></p><p><i>The criminals were caught (= filmed)  on a security video.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable + singular or plural verb   the department of a large company or organization that deals with the protection of its buildings, equipment and staff<p><i>Security was/were called to the incident.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   protection against something bad that might happen in the future<p><i>financial security</i></p><p><i>Job security (= the guarantee that you will keep your job)  is a thing of the past.</i></p><p><i>Which type of investment offers the greatest security?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of feeling happy and safe from danger or worry<p><i>the security of a loving family life</i></p><p><i>She’d allowed herself to be lulled into a false sense of security (= a feeling that she was safe when in fact she was in danger) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   a valuable item, such as a house, that you agree to give to somebody if you are unable to pay back the money that you have borrowed from them<p><i>His home and business are being held as security for  the loan.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   ( finance )  documents proving that somebody is the owner of shares, etc. in a particular company<p><i>government securities</i></p></li></ul>

Word: seek

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to look for something/somebody<p><i><b>seek something/somebody </b><br>Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes.</i></p><p><i><b>seek for something/somebody </b><br>They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   seek (something) to try to obtain or achieve something<p><i>to seek funding for a project</i></p><p><i>Highly qualified secretary seeks employment. (= in an advertisement)</i></p><p><i>He intends to seek custody of the children.</i></p><p><i>We are currently seeking new ways of expanding our membership.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to ask somebody for something<p><i><b>seek something </b><br>I think it’s time we sought legal advice.</i></p><p><i><b>seek something from somebody </b><br>She managed to calm him down and seek help from a neighbour.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   seek to do something to try to do something Synonym   attempt<p><i>They quickly sought to distance themselves from the protesters.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( in adjectives and nouns )  looking for or trying to get the thing mentioned; the activity of doing this see also  heat-seeking  ,  self-seeking   ,<p><i>attention-seeking behaviour</i></p><p><i>Voluntary work can provide a framework for job-seeking.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: select

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   carefully chosen as the best out of a larger group of people or things<p><i>a select wine list</i></p><p><i>Only a select few (= a small number of people)  have been invited to the wedding.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a society, club, place, etc. )  used by people who have a lot of money or a high social position Synonym   exclusive<p><i>They live in a very select area.</i></p><p><i>a select club</i></p></li></ul>

Word: selection

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of choosing somebody/something from a group of people or things, usually according to a system<p><i>The final team selection will be made tomorrow.</i></p><p><i>the random selection  of numbers</i></p><p><i>selection criteria</i></p><p><i>the selection process</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a number of people or things that have been chosen from a larger group<p><i>A selection of readers’ comments are published below.</i></p><p><i>The orchestra played selections from Hollywood musicals.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a collection of things from which something can be chosen Synonym   choice   ,  range    ,<p><i>The showroom has a wide selection  of kitchens.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: selective

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   affecting or concerned with only a small number of people or things from a larger group<p><i>the selective breeding of cattle</i></p><p><i>selective strike action</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>selective (about/in something) tending to be careful about what or who you choose<p><i>You will have to be selective about which information to include in the report.</i></p><p><i>Their admissions policy is very selective.</i></p><p><i>a selective school (= one that chooses which children to admit, especially according to ability)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: selector

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  a person who chooses the members of a particular sports team<p><i>The Welsh selectors have named the team for next week’s international.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a device in an engine, a piece of machinery, etc. that allows you to choose a particular function<p><i>a gear selector</i></p><p><i>a selector switch</i></p></li></ul>

Word: site

Meaning: <ul><li>  often passive   site something + adverb/preposition to build or place something in a particular position<p><i>There was a meeting to discuss the siting of the new school.</i></p><p><i>The castle is magnificently sited high up on a cliff.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sought

Meaning: <ul><li>past tense, past participle  of  seek</li></ul>

Word: strategic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>done as part of a plan that is meant to achieve a particular purpose or to gain an advantage<p><i>strategic planning</i></p><p><i>a strategic decision to sell off part of the business</i></p><p><i>Cameras were set up at strategic points (= in places where they would be most effective)  along the route.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with getting an advantage in a war or other military situation<p><i>Malta was of vital strategic importance during the war.</i></p><p><i>a strategic alliance</i></p><p><i>the strategic bombing of communication centres</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of weapons, especially nuclear weapons )  intended to be fired at an enemy’s country rather than used in a battle compare  tactical  (   )   ( )<p><i>strategic missiles</i></p></li></ul>

Word: strategist

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who is skilled at planning things, especially military activities<p><i>a military strategist</i></p><p><i>a brilliant political strategist</i></p></li></ul>

Word: strategy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a plan that is intended to achieve a particular purpose<p><i>the government’s economic strategy</i></p><p><i><b>strategy for doing something </b><br>to develop a strategy for dealing with unemployment</i></p><p><i><b>strategy to do something </b><br>It’s all part of an overall strategy to gain promotion.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of planning something or putting a plan into operation in a skilful way<p><i>marketing strategy</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the skill of planning the movements of armies in a battle or war; an example of doing this compare  tactic<p><i>military strategy</i></p><p><i>defence strategies</i></p></li></ul>

Word: survey

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>survey something to look carefully at the whole of something, especially in order to get a general impression of it Synonym   inspect<p><i>The next morning we surveyed the damage caused by the fire.</i></p><p><i>He surveyed himself in the mirror before going out.</i></p><p><i>She opened her eyes and surveyed her surroundings.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>survey something to study and give a general description of something<p><i>This chapter briefly surveys the current state of European politics.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>survey something to measure and record the features of an area of land, for example in order to make a map or in preparation for building</li><li><b> . </b>survey something ( )  to examine a building to make sure it is in good condition<p><i>Have the house surveyed before you decide whether to buy it.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>survey somebody/something to investigate the opinions or behaviour of a group of people by asking them a series of questions Synonym   interview<p><i>We surveyed  0 smokers and found that over three quarters would like to give up.</i></p><p><i>  % of the  00 companies surveyed employ part-time staff.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: text

Meaning: <ul><li>  transitive ,  intransitive   to send somebody a written message using a mobile/cell phone see also  SMS  ,  text-message   ,<p><i><b>text (somebody) </b><br>Text me when you’re on your way.</i></p><p><i>Kids seem to be texting non-stop these days.</i></p><p><i><b>text somebody something </b><br>I’ll text you the final score.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: textual

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   connected with or contained in a text<p><i>textual analysis</i></p><p><i>textual errors</i></p></li></ul>

Word: tradition

Meaning: <ul><li>    countable ,  uncountable   a belief, custom or way of doing something that has existed for a long time among a particular group of people; a set of these beliefs or customs<p><i>religious/cultural, etc. traditions</i></p><p><i>This region is steeped in tradition .</i></p><p><i>The company has a long tradition  of fine design.</i></p><p><i>The British are said to love tradition (= to want to do things in the way they have always been done) .</i></p><p><i>They broke with tradition (= did things differently)  and got married quietly.</i></p><p><i>By tradition , children play tricks on   April.</i></p><p><i>There’s a tradition in our family that we have a party on New Year’s Eve.</i></p><p><i>He’s a politician in the tradition of (= similar in style to)  Kennedy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: traditional

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>being part of the beliefs, customs or way of life of a particular group of people, that have not changed for a long time<p><i>traditional dress</i></p><p><i>It’s traditional  in America to eat turkey on Thanksgiving Day.</i></p><p><i>traditional values</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  following older methods and ideas rather than modern or different ones Synonym   conventional<p><i>traditional methods of teaching</i></p><p><i>Their marriage is very traditional.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: traditionalist

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who prefers tradition to modern ideas or ways of doing things</li></ul>

Word: transferable

Meaning: <ul><li>that can be moved from one place, person or use to another   uncountable  <p><i>This ticket is not transferable (= it may only be used by the person who has bought it) .</i></p><p><i>We aim to provide our students with transferable skills (= that can be used in different jobs) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: transference

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( technical ) the process of moving something from one place, person or use to another<p><i>the transference of heat from the liquid to the container</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unaffected

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>unaffected (by something) not changed or influenced by something; not affected by something<p><i>People’s rights are unaffected by the new law.</i></p><p><i>His attitudes have remained largely unaffected by changes in fashion.</i></p><p><i>Some members of the family may remain unaffected by the disease.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( of a person or their behaviour )  natural and sincere Opposite   affected<p><i>She had a warm smile and an unaffected manner.</i></p><p><i>He greeted me with unaffected warmth.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unassisted

Meaning: <ul><li>not helped by anyone or anything Synonym   unaided<p><i>She could not move unassisted.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uncultured

Meaning: <ul><li>( of people )  not well educated; not able to understand or enjoy art, literature, etc. Opposite   cultured</li></ul>

Word: under-resourced

Meaning: <ul><li>not provided with as much money or as many staff, materials, etc. as are needed<p><i>Nurses are overstretched and the hospital is seriously under-resourced.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uninjured

Meaning: <ul><li>  not usually before noun   not hurt or injured in any way Synonym   unhurt<p><i>They escaped from the crash uninjured.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unobtainable

Meaning: <ul><li>  not usually before noun   that cannot be obtained Opposite   obtainable<p><i>Unfortunately, it is unobtainable in most shops.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unregulated

Meaning: <ul><li>not controlled by laws or regulations</li></ul>

Word: unrestricted

Meaning: <ul><li>not controlled or limited in any way Synonym   unlimited    Opposite   restricted<p><i>We have unrestricted access to all the facilities.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: alternative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( alternate ) that can be used instead of something else<p><i>an alternative method of doing something</i></p><p><i>Do you have an alternative solution?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>different from the usual or traditional way in which something is done<p><i>alternative comedy/lifestyles/values</i></p><p><i>alternative energy (= electricity or power that is produced using the energy from the sun, wind, water, etc.)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: alternatively

Meaning: <ul><li>  used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility<p><i>The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: circumstance

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action<p><i>The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances.</i></p><p><i>changing social and political circumstances</i></p><p><i>I know I can trust her in any circumstance.</i></p><p><i>Police said there were no suspicious circumstances  surrounding the boy’s death.</i></p><p><i>The ship sank in mysterious circumstances.</i></p><p><i>She never discovered the true circumstances of her birth.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the conditions of a person’s life, especially the money they have<p><i>Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances .</i></p><p><i>family/domestic/personal circumstances</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  situations and events that affect and influence your life and that are not in your control<p><i>a victim of circumstance (= a person who has suffered because of a situation that they cannot control)</i></p><p><i>He had to leave the country through force of circumstance (= events made it necessary) .</i></p><p><i>We were simply thrown together by circumstance on the long journey.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: comment

Meaning: <ul><li>    intransitive ,  transitive   comment (on/upon something) to express an opinion about something<p><i>I don’t feel I can comment on their decision.</i></p><p><i>He refused to comment until after the trial.</i></p><p><i>We were just commenting on how well you look.</i></p><p><i><b>comment that… </b><br>A spokesperson commented that levels of carbon dioxide were very high.</i></p><p><i><b>+ speech </b><br>‘Not his best performance,’ she commented to the woman sitting next to her.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: commentary

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a spoken description of an event that is given while it is happening, especially on the radio or television<p><i>a sports commentary</i></p><p><i>Our reporters will give a running commentary (= a continuous one)  on the election results as they are announced.</i></p><p><i>He kept up a running commentary  on everyone who came in or went out.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a written explanation or discussion of something such as a book or a play<p><i>a critical commentary on the final speech of the play</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a criticism or discussion of something<p><i>The petty quarrels were a sad commentary on the state of the government.</i></p><p><i>The movie is a biting commentary on contemporary life in a big city.</i></p><p><i>political commentary</i></p></li></ul>

Word: commentator

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who is an expert on a particular subject and talks or writes about it on television or radio, or in a newspaper<p><i>a political commentator</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who describes an event while it is happening, especially on television or radio<p><i>a television/sports commentator</i></p></li></ul>

Word: compensate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   compensate (for something) to provide something good to balance or reduce the bad effects of damage, loss, etc. Synonym   make up for<p><i>Nothing can compensate for the loss of a loved one.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   compensate somebody (for something) to pay somebody money because they have suffered some damage, loss, injury, etc<p><i>Her lawyers say she should be compensated for the suffering she had been caused.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: compensation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   compensation (for something) something, especially money, that somebody gives you because they have hurt you, or damaged something that you own; the act of giving this to somebody<p><i>to claim/award/receive compensation</i></p><p><i>to pay compensation for injuries at work</i></p><p><i>to receive £ 000 in compensation .</i></p><p><i>She received a cash sum by way of compensation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   compensation (for something) things that make a bad situation better<p><i>I wish I were young again, but getting older has its compensations.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: component

Meaning: <ul><li>one of several parts of which something is made   only before noun  <p><i>the components of a machine</i></p><p><i>the car component industry</i></p><p><i>Key components  of the government’s plan are…</i></p><p><i>Trust is a vital component  in any relationship.</i></p><p><i>Break the problem down into its component parts .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consensus

Meaning: <ul><li>  singular ,  uncountable   an opinion that all members of a group agree with<p><i><b>consensus (about/on something) </b><br>She is skilled at achieving consensus on sensitive issues.</i></p><p><i>There is a growing consensus of opinion  on this issue.</i></p><p><i>an attempt to reach a consensus</i></p><p><i>There now exists a broad political consensus in favour of economic reform.</i></p><p><i>consensus politics (= which people in general agree with)</i></p><p><i><b>consensus (among somebody) (about/on something) </b><br>There is a general consensus among teachers about the need for greater security in schools.</i></p><p><i><b>consensus (that…) </b><br>There seems to be a consensus that the plan should be rejected.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consent

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive   ( )  to agree to something or give your permission for something<p><i>When she told them what she intended they readily consented.</i></p><p><i><b>consent to something </b><br>He reluctantly consented to his daughter’s marriage.</i></p><p><i><b>consent to do something </b><br>She finally consented to answer our questions.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: considerable

Meaning: <ul><li>  ( ) great in amount, size, importance, etc. Synonym   significant<p><i>The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money.</i></p><p><i>Damage to the building was considerable.</i></p><p><i>Considerable progress has been made in finding a cure for the disease.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: considerably

Meaning: <ul><li>  ( ) much; a lot Synonym   significantly<p><i>The need for sleep varies considerably from person to person.</i></p><p><i>Interest rates on bank loans have increased considerably in recent years.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constancy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the quality of staying the same and not changing<p><i>the constancy of temperature inside the plane</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  the quality of being faithful Synonym   fidelity<p><i>He admired her courage and constancy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constant

Meaning: <ul><li>( technical )  a number or quantity that does not vary Opposite   variable</li></ul>

Word: constantly

Meaning: <ul><li>  all the time; repeatedly<p><i>Fashion is constantly changing.</i></p><p><i>Heat the sauce, stirring constantly.</i></p><p><i>We are constantly on the lookout for new ideas.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constrain

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   constrain somebody to do something to force somebody to do something or behave in a particular way<p><i>The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to  accept it.</i></p><p><i>The company said that it was constrained to raise prices.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   to restrict or limit somebody/something see also  unconstrained<p><i><b>constrain something </b><br>Research has been constrained by a lack of funds.</i></p><p><i><b>constrain somebody (from doing something) </b><br>She felt constrained from continuing by the threat of losing her job.</i></p><p><i>Men and women are becoming less constrained by stereotyped roles.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: constraint

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a thing that limits or restricts something, or your freedom to do something Synonym   restriction<p><i>constraints of time/money/space</i></p><p><i>financial/economic/legal/political constraints</i></p><p><i><b>constraint on something </b><br>This decision will impose serious constraints on all schools.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   strict control over the way that you behave or are allowed to behave<p><i>At last we could relax and talk without constraint.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contribute

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to give something, especially money or goods, to help somebody/something<p><i><b>contribute something (to/towards something) </b><br>We contributed £ 00 to the earthquake fund.</i></p><p><i><b>contribute (to/towards something) </b><br>Would you like to contribute to our collection?</i></p><p><i>Do you wish to contribute?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   contribute (to something) to be one of the causes of something<p><i>Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death.</i></p><p><i>Human error may have been a contributing factor .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to increase, improve or add to something<p><i><b>contribute to something </b><br>Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.</i></p><p><i><b>contribute something to something </b><br>This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to write things for a newspaper, magazine, or a radio or television programme; to speak during a meeting or conversation, especially to give your opinion<p><i><b>contribute something (to something) </b><br>She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.</i></p><p><i><b>contribute (to something) </b><br>He contributes regularly to the magazine ‘New Scientist’.</i></p><p><i>We hope everyone will contribute to the discussion.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contribution

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a sum of money that is given to a person or an organization in order to help pay for something Synonym   donation<p><i><b>contribution (to something) </b><br>to make a contribution  to charity</i></p><p><i>a substantial contribution</i></p><p><i>All contributions will be gratefully received.</i></p><p><i><b>contribution (toward(s) something/doing something) </b><br>valuable contributions towards the upkeep of the cathedral</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   contribution (to something) a sum of money that you pay regularly to your employer or the government in order to pay for benefits such as health insurance, a pension, etc<p><i>monthly contributions to the pension scheme</i></p><p><i>National Insurance contributions</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   an action or a service that helps to cause or increase something<p><i><b>contribution (to something) </b><br>He made a  very positive contribution  to the success of the project.</i></p><p><i>a significant contribution to scientific knowledge</i></p><p><i>the car’s contribution to the greenhouse effect</i></p><p><i><b>contribution (toward(s) something/doing something) </b><br>These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing industrial accidents.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   contribution (to something) an item that forms part of a book, magazine, broadcast, discussion, etc<p><i>an important contribution to the debate</i></p><p><i>All contributions for the May issue must be received by Friday.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   contribution (to something) the act of giving something, especially money, to help a person or an organization<p><i>We rely entirely on voluntary contribution.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contributor

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>contributor (to something) a person who writes articles for a magazine or a book, or who talks on a radio or television programme or at a meeting<p><i>a regular contributor to this magazine</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>contributor (to something) a person or thing that provides money to help pay for something, or support something<p><i>Older people are important contributors to the economy.</i></p><p><i>the largest net contributor to EU funds</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>contributor (to something) something that helps to cause something<p><i>Sulphur dioxide is a pollutant and a major contributor to acid rain.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: convene

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   convene something to arrange for people to come together for a formal meeting<p><i>to convene a meeting</i></p><p><i>A Board of Inquiry was convened immediately after the accident.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to come together for a formal meeting<p><i>The committee will convene at   .  next Thursday.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: convention

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the way in which something is done that most people in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do it<p><i>social conventions</i></p><p><i>By convention  the deputy leader was always a woman.</i></p><p><i>She is a young woman who enjoys flouting conventions.</i></p><p><i>Convention demands that a club member should resign in such a situation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a large meeting of the members of a profession, a political party, etc. Synonym   conference<p><i>to hold a convention</i></p><p><i>the Democratic Party Convention (= to elect a candidate for president)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an official agreement between countries or leaders<p><i>the Geneva convention</i></p><p><i>the United Nations convention on the rights of the child</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a traditional method or style in literature, art or the theatre<p><i>the conventions of Greek tragedy</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conventional

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  tending to follow what is done or considered acceptable by society in general; normal and ordinary, and perhaps not very interesting Opposite   unconventional<p><i>conventional behaviour/morality</i></p><p><i>She’s very conventional in her views.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   following what is traditional or the way something has been done for a long time Opposite   unconventional<p><i>conventional methods/approaches</i></p><p><i>conventional medicine</i></p><p><i>It’s not a hotel, in the conventional sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotel.</i></p><p><i>You can use a microwave or cook it in a conventional oven.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   ( especially of weapons )  not nuclear<p><i>conventional forces/weapons</i></p><p><i>A conventional war would still cause unacceptable devastation.</i></p><p><i>a conventional power station (= using oil or coal as fuel, rather than nuclear power)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: coordinate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   either of two numbers or letters used to fix the position of a point on a map or graph<p><i>the x, y coordinates of any point on a line</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   ( used in shops/stores etc. )  pieces of clothing that can be worn together because, for example, the colours look good together</li></ul>

Word: coordination

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the act of making parts of something, groups of people, etc. work together in an efficient and organized way<p><i>a need for greater coordination between departments</i></p><p><i>a lack of coordination in conservation policy</i></p><p><i>a pamphlet produced by the government in coordination with (= working together with)  the Sports Council</i></p><p><i>advice on colour coordination (= choosing colours that look nice together, for example in clothes or furniture)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the ability to control your movements well<p><i>You need good hand-eye coordination to play ball games.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: coordinate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>coordinate something to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well<p><i>They appointed a new manager to coordinate the work of the team.</i></p><p><i>We need to develop a coordinated approach to the problem.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   coordinate something to make the different parts of your body work well together see also  uncoordinated</li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   coordinate (something) (with something) ( )  if you coordinate  clothes, furniture, etc. or if they coordinate , they look nice together<p><i>This shade coordinates with a wide range of other colours.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: core

Meaning: <ul><li>core something to take out the core of a fruit<p><i>You need four cooking apples, cored and sliced.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: corporate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with a corporation<p><i>corporate finance/planning/strategy</i></p><p><i>corporate identity (= the image of a company, that all its members share)</i></p><p><i>corporate hospitality (= when companies entertain customers to help develop good business relationships)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical )  forming a corporation<p><i>The BBC is a corporate body .</i></p><p><i>The law applies to both individuals and corporate bodies.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>involving or shared by all the members of a group<p><i>corporate responsibility</i></p><p><i>a corporate act of worship in the College chapel</i></p></li></ul>

Word: corporation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )  a large business company<p><i>multinational corporations</i></p><p><i>the Chrysler corporation</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an organization or a group of organizations that is recognized by law as a single unit<p><i>urban development corporations</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a group of people elected to govern a large town or city and provide public services<p><i>the Lord Mayor and Corporation of the City of London</i></p></li></ul>

Word: correspond

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to be the same as or match something Synonym   agree   ,  tally    ,<p><i>Your account and hers do not correspond.</i></p><p><i><b>correspond with something </b><br>Your account of events does not correspond with hers.</i></p><p><i><b>correspond to something </b><br>The written record of the conversation doesn’t correspond to (= is different from)  what was actually said.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   correspond (to something) to be similar to or the same as something else<p><i>The British job of Lecturer corresponds roughly to the US Associate Professor.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   correspond (with somebody) ( )  to write letters to somebody and receive letters from them</li></ul>

Word: correspondence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   correspondence (with somebody) the letters a person sends and receives<p><i>personal/private correspondence</i></p><p><i>The editor welcomes correspondence from readers on any subject.</i></p><p><i>the correspondence column/page (= in a newspaper)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   correspondence (with somebody) the activity of writing letters<p><i>I refused to enter into any correspondence (= to exchange letters)  with him about it.</i></p><p><i>We have been in correspondence  for months.</i></p><p><i>We kept up a correspondence for many years.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   correspondence (between A and B) a connection between two things; the fact of two things being similar<p><i>There is a close correspondence between the two extracts.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: corresponding

Meaning: <ul><li>matching or connected with something that you have just mentioned Synonym   equivalent<p><i>A change in the money supply brings a corresponding change in expenditure.</i></p><p><i>Profits have risen by    per cent compared with the corresponding period last year.</i></p><p><i>The Redskins lost to the Cowboys in the corresponding game last year.</i></p><p><i><b>corresponding to something </b><br>Give each picture a number corresponding to its position on the page.</i></p><p><i>a period of high demand and correspondingly high prices</i></p></li></ul>

Word: criterion

Meaning: <ul><li>  a standard or principle by which something is judged, or with the help of which a decision is made<p><i>The main criterion is value for money.</i></p><p><i>What criteria are used for assessing a student’s ability?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: deduce

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) to form an opinion about something based on the information or evidence that is available Synonym   infer    see also  deduction<p><i><b>deduce something (from something) </b><br>We can deduce a lot from what people choose to buy.</i></p><p><i><b>deduce (from something) that, what, how, etc… </b><br>Can we deduce from your silence that you do not approve?</i></p><p><i>The answer is deducible from the evidence available.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: deduction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the process of using information you have in order to understand a particular situation or to find the answer to a problem compare  induction  (   )   ( ) see also  deduce<p><i>He arrived at the solution by a simple process of deduction.</i></p><p><i>If my deductions are correct, I can tell you who the killer was.</i></p><p><i>We can examine the bones of dinosaurs and make deductions about how they lived.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the process of taking an amount of something, especially money, away from a total; the amount that is taken away<p><i>deductions from your pay for tax, etc.</i></p><p><i>tax deductions</i></p></li></ul>

Word: demonstration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( demo )   countable   demonstration (against somebody/something) a public meeting or march at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting somebody/something compare  march<p><i>to take part in/go on a demonstration</i></p><p><i>to hold/stage a demonstration</i></p><p><i>mass demonstrations  in support of the exiled leader</i></p><p><i>anti-government demonstrations</i></p><p><i>a peaceful/violent demonstration</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( demo )   countable ,  uncountable   an act of showing or explaining how something works or is done<p><i>We were given a brief demonstration of the computer’s functions.</i></p><p><i>a practical demonstration</i></p><p><i>a demonstration model (= a model used to show how something works)</i></p><p><i>We provide demonstration of videoconferencing over the Internet.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   an act of giving proof or evidence for something<p><i>a demonstration of the connection between the two sets of figures</i></p><p><i>a demonstration of how something that seems simple can turn out to be very complicated</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an act of showing a feeling or an opinion<p><i>a public demonstration of affection</i></p><p><i>a demonstration of support for the reforms</i></p></li></ul>

Word: demonstrable

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) that can be shown or proved<p><i>a demonstrable need</i></p><p><i>There is no demonstrable link between the two events.</i></p><p><i>demonstrably unfair</i></p></li></ul>

Word: demonstrate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to show something clearly by giving proof or evidence<p><i><b>demonstrate that… </b><br>These results demonstrate convincingly that our campaign is working.</i></p><p><i><b>demonstrate something (to somebody) </b><br>Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.</i></p><p><i><b>demonstrate how, what, etc… </b><br>His sudden departure had demonstrated how unreliable he was.</i></p><p><i><b>demonstrate somebody/something to be something </b><br>The theories were demonstrated to be false.</i></p><p><i><b>it is demonstrated that… </b><br>It has been demonstrated that this drug is effective.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   demonstrate something to show by your actions that you have a particular quality, feeling or opinion Synonym   display<p><i>You need to demonstrate more self-control.</i></p><p><i>We want to demonstrate our commitment to human rights.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to show and explain how something works or how to do something<p><i><b>demonstrate something (to somebody) </b><br>Her job involves demonstrating new educational software.</i></p><p><i><b>demonstrate (to somebody) how, what, etc… </b><br>Let me demonstrate to you how it works.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to take part in a public meeting or march, usually as a protest or to show support for something Synonym   protest<p><i><b>demonstrate (against something) </b><br>students demonstrating against the war</i></p><p><i><b>demonstrate (in favour/support of something) </b><br>They are demonstrating in favour of free higher education.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: demonstrative

Meaning: <ul><li>( grammar )  a demonstrative  pronoun or determiner</li></ul>

Word: demonstrative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>showing feelings openly, especially feelings of affection<p><i>Some people are more demonstrative than others.</i></p><p><i>a demonstrative greeting</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( grammar )  used to identify the person or thing that is being referred to<p><i>‘This’ and ‘that’ are demonstrative pronouns.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: demonstrator

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who takes part in a public meeting or march in order to protest against somebody/something or to show support for somebody/something<p><i>Troops opened fire on the demonstrators.</i></p><p><i>pro-democracy demonstrators</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person whose job is to show or explain how something works or is done<p><i>He works as a demonstrator in anatomy at Wolfson College.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: disproportion

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   ( ) the state of two things not being at an equally high or low level; an example of this<p><i><b>disproportion (between A and B) </b><br>the disproportion between the extra responsibilities and the small salary increase</i></p><p><i><b>disproportion (of A to B) </b><br>a profession with a high disproportion of male to female employees</i></p></li></ul>

Word: disproportionate

Meaning: <ul><li>disproportionate (to something) too large or too small when compared with something else compare  proportionate<p><i>The area contains a disproportionate number of young middle-class families.</i></p><p><i>The lower-paid spend a disproportionately large amount of their earnings on food.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: document

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>document something to record the details of something<p><i>Causes of the disease have been well documented.</i></p><p><i>The results are documented in Chapter  .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>document something to prove or support something with documents<p><i>documented evidence</i></p></li></ul>

Word: documentation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the documents that are required for something, or that give evidence or proof of something<p><i>I couldn’t enter the country because I didn’t have all the necessary documentation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the act of recording something in a document; the state of being recorded in a document<p><i>the documentation of an agreement</i></p></li></ul>

Word: dominant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>more important, powerful or noticeable than other things<p><i>The firm has achieved a dominant position in the world market.</i></p><p><i>The dominant feature of the room was the large fireplace.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( biology )  a dominant  gene  causes a person to have a particular physical characteristic, for example brown eyes, even if only one of their parents has passed on this gene  compare  recessive</li></ul>

Word: dominate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   dominate (somebody/something) to control or have a lot of influence over somebody/something, especially in an unpleasant way<p><i>As a child he was dominated by his father.</i></p><p><i>He tended to dominate the conversation.</i></p><p><i>She always says a lot in meetings, but she doesn’t dominate.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   dominate something to be the most important or noticeable feature of something<p><i>The train crash dominated the news.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   dominate something to be the largest, highest or most obvious thing in a place<p><i>The cathedral dominates the city.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   dominate (something) ( sport )  to play much better than your opponent in a game<p><i>Arsenal dominated the first half of the match.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: emphasis

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>special importance that is given to something Synonym   stress<p><i><b>emphasis (on/upon something) </b><br>The emphasis is very much on learning the spoken language.</i></p><p><i>to put/lay/place emphasis  on something</i></p><p><i>Increased emphasis is now being placed on corporate image.</i></p><p><i>We provide all types of information, with an emphasis on  legal advice.</i></p><p><i>There has been a shift of emphasis  from manufacturing to service industries.</i></p><p><i>The course has a vocational emphasis.</i></p><p><i>The examples we will look at have quite different emphases.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the extra force given to a word or phrase when spoken, especially in order to show that it is important; a way of writing a word (for example drawing a line underneath it) to show that it is important Synonym   stress<p><i>‘I can assure you,’ she added with emphasis, ‘the figures are correct.’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: emphasize

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to give special importance to something Synonym   stress<p><i><b>emphasize something </b><br>His speech emphasized the importance of attracting industry to the town.</i></p><p><i><b>emphasize that… </b><br>She emphasized that their plan would mean sacrifices and hard work.</i></p><p><i><b>emphasize how, what, etc… </b><br>He emphasized how little was known about the disease.</i></p><p><i><b>it must/should be emphasized that… </b><br>It should be emphasized that this is only one possible explanation.</i></p><p><i><b>+ speech </b><br>‘This must be our top priority,’ he emphasized.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>emphasize something to make something more noticeable<p><i>She swept her hair back from her face to emphasize her high cheekbones.</i></p><p><i>The rising tone of his voice emphasized his panic.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>emphasize something to give extra force to a word or phrase when you are speaking, especially to show that it is important</li></ul>

Word: emphatic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an emphatic  statement, answer, etc. is given with force to show that it is important<p><i>an emphatic denial/rejection</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  making it very clear what you mean by speaking with force<p><i>He was emphatic that he could not work with her.</i></p><p><i>She was equally emphatic about the importance of discipline.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an emphatic  victory, win, or defeat is one in which one team or player wins by a large amount</li></ul>

Word: ensure

Meaning: <ul><li>  ( ) to make sure that something happens or is definite<p><i><b>ensure something </b><br>The book ensured his success.</i></p><p><i><b>ensure somebody something </b><br>Victory ensured them a place in the final.</i></p><p><i><b>ensure (that)… </b><br>Please ensure (that) all lights are switched off.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exclude

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>exclude something (from something) to deliberately not include something in what you are doing or considering Opposite   include<p><i>The cost of borrowing has been excluded from the inflation figures.</i></p><p><i>Try excluding fat from your diet.</i></p><p><i>Buses run every hour, Sundays excluded.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>exclude somebody/something (from something) to prevent somebody/something from entering a place or taking part in something<p><i>Women are still excluded from some London clubs.</i></p><p><i>Concern is growing over the number of children excluded from school (= not allowed to attend because of bad behaviour) .</i></p><p><i>She felt excluded by the other girls (= they did not let her join in what they were doing) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>exclude something to decide that something is not possible<p><i>We should not exclude the possibility  of negotiation.</i></p><p><i>The police have excluded theft as a motive for the murder.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: excluding

Meaning: <ul><li>  not including<p><i>Lunch costs £  per person, excluding drinks.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exclusion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   exclusion (of somebody/something) (from something) the act of preventing somebody/something from entering a place or taking part in something<p><i>He was disappointed with his exclusion from the England squad.</i></p><p><i>Exclusion of air creates a vacuum in the bottle.</i></p><p><i>Memories of the past filled her mind to the exclusion of  all else.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a person or thing that is not included in something<p><i>Check the list of exclusions in the insurance policy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   exclusion (of something) the act of deciding that something is not possible<p><i>the exclusion of robbery as a motive</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( )  a situation in which a child is banned from attending school because of bad behaviour<p><i>the exclusion of disruptive students from school</i></p><p><i>Two exclusions from one school in the same week is unusual.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exclusionary

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) designed to prevent a particular person or group of people from taking part in something or doing something</li></ul>

Word: exclusive

Meaning: <ul><li>an item of news or a story about famous people that is published in only one newspaper or magazine<p><i>We feature an exclusive on the mothers whose babies were swapped at birth.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exclusive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>only to be used by one particular person or group; only given to one particular person or group<p><i>The hotel has exclusive access to the beach.</i></p><p><i>exclusive rights to televise the World Cup</i></p><p><i>His mother has told ‘The Times’ about his death in an exclusive interview (= not given to any other newspaper) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a group, society, etc. )  not very willing to allow new people to become members, especially if they are from a lower social class<p><i>He belongs to an exclusive club.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>of a high quality and expensive and therefore not often bought or used by most people<p><i>an exclusive hotel</i></p><p><i>exclusive designer clothes</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not able to exist or be a true statement at the same time as something else<p><i>The two options are not mutually exclusive (= you can have them both) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>exclusive of somebody/something not including somebody/something Opposite   inclusive<p><i>The price is for accommodation only, exclusive of meals.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: framework

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the parts of a building or an object that support its weight and give it shape<p><i>built on a wooden/metal framework</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>framework (of/for something) a set of beliefs, ideas or rules that is used as the basis for making judgements, decisions, etc<p><i>The report provides a framework for further research.</i></p><p><i>We are currently exploring new approaches within existing frameworks of practice and thinking.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the structure of a particular system<p><i>We need to establish a legal framework for the protection of the environment.</i></p><p><i>the basic framework of society</i></p></li></ul>

Word: fund

Meaning: <ul><li>  fund something to provide money for something, usually something official<p><i>a dance festival funded by the Arts Council</i></p><p><i>The museum is privately funded.</i></p><p><i>a government-funded programme</i></p></li></ul>

Word: funder

Meaning: <ul><li>a person or an organization that provides money for a particular purpose<p><i>The report is written primarily for potential funders of the project.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: funding

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   money for a particular purpose; the act of providing money for such a purpose<p><i>There have been large cuts in government funding for scientific research.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: illustrate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   to use pictures, photographs, diagrams, etc. in a book, etc<p><i><b>illustrate something </b><br>an illustrated textbook</i></p><p><i><b>illustrate something with something </b><br>His lecture was illustrated with photos taken during the expedition.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to make the meaning of something clearer by using examples, pictures, etc<p><i><b>illustrate something </b><br>To illustrate my point , let me tell you a little story.</i></p><p><i>Last year’s sales figures are illustrated in Figure  .</i></p><p><i><b>illustrate how, what, etc… </b><br>Here’s an example to illustrate what I mean.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>illustrate something |  illustrate how, what, etc… |  illustrate that… to show that something is true or that a situation exists Synonym   demonstrate<p><i>The incident illustrates the need for better security measures.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: illustration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a drawing or picture in a book, magazine, etc. especially one that explains something<p><i>  full-colour illustrations</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of illustrating something<p><i>the art of book illustration</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a story, an event or an example that clearly shows the truth about something<p><i>The statistics are a clear illustration of the point I am trying to make</i></p><p><i>Let me, by way of illustration , quote from one of her poems.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: illustrative

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) helping to explain something or show it more clearly Synonym   explanatory<p><i>an illustrative example</i></p></li></ul>

Word: immigrant

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who has come to live permanently in a country that is not their own compare  emigrant  ,  migrant   ,<p><i>immigrant communities/families/workers</i></p><p><i>illegal immigrants</i></p></li></ul>

Word: immigrate

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive   immigrate (to…) (from…) ( )  to come and live permanently in a country after leaving your own country compare  emigrate<p><i>About  .  million people immigrated to the United States in the     .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: immigration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the process of coming to live permanently in a country that is not your own; the number of people who do this compare  emigration<p><i>laws restricting immigration into the US</i></p><p><i>a rise/fall in immigration</i></p><p><i>immigration officers</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( immigration control ) the place at a port, an airport, etc. where the passports and other documents of people coming into a country are checked<p><i>to go through immigration</i></p></li></ul>

Word: imply

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to suggest that something is true or that you feel or think something, without saying so directly<p><i><b>imply (that)… </b><br>Are you implying (that) I am wrong?</i></p><p><i><b>imply something </b><br>I disliked the implied criticism in his voice.</i></p><p><i>His silence seemed to imply agreement.</i></p><p><i><b>it is implied that… </b><br>It was implied that we were at fault.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to make it seem likely that something is true or exists Synonym   suggest<p><i><b>imply (that)… </b><br>The survey implies (that) more people are moving house than was thought.</i></p><p><i><b>it is implied that… </b><br>It was implied in the survey that…</i></p><p><i><b>imply something </b><br>The fact that she was here implies a degree of interest.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>imply something ( of an idea, action, etc. )  to make something necessary in order to be successful Synonym   mean<p><i>The project implies an enormous investment in training.</i></p><p><i>Sustainable development implies a long-term perspective.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inconstant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>not faithful in love or friendship Synonym   fickle</li><li><b> . </b>that frequently changes</li></ul>

Word: initial

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  ,  initial something to mark or sign something with your initials<p><i>Please initial each page and sign in the space provided.</i></p><p><i>The agreement was finally initialled on May  .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: initially

Meaning: <ul><li>  at the beginning<p><i>Initially, the system worked well.</i></p><p><i>The death toll was initially reported at around   0, but was later revised to  00.</i></p><p><i>My contract is initially for three years.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: instance

Meaning: <ul><li>instance something ( )  to give something as an example<p><i>I refer to the situation instanced above.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: insufficient

Meaning: <ul><li>insufficient (to do something) |  insufficient (for something) ( )  not large, strong or important enough for a particular purpose Synonym   inadequate    Opposite   sufficient      uncountable ,  singular   ( technical )<p><i>insufficient time</i></p><p><i>His salary is insufficient to meet his needs.</i></p><p><i>The management paid insufficient attention to working conditions.</i></p><p><i>There are fears that the existing flood barrier may prove insufficient.</i></p><p><i>cardiac insufficiency</i></p></li></ul>

Word: interact

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   interact (with somebody) to communicate with somebody, especially while you work, play or spend time with them<p><i>Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child.</i></p><p><i>The only thing he interacts with is his computer!</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   interact (with something) if one thing interacts  with another, or if two things interact , the two things have an effect on each other<p><i>Perfume interacts with the skin’s natural chemicals.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: interactive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that involves people working together and having an influence on each other<p><i>The school believes in interactive teaching methods.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( computing )  that allows information to be passed continuously and in both directions between a computer and the person who uses it<p><i>interactive systems/video</i></p><p><i>an interactive whiteboard</i></p></li></ul>

Word: invalidate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>invalidate something to prove that an idea, a story, an argument, etc. is wrong<p><i>This new piece of evidence invalidates his version of events.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>invalidate something if you invalidate  a document, contract, election, etc, you make it no longer legally or officially valid or acceptable Opposite   validate</li></ul>

Word: invalidity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( ,  technical )  the state of being unable to take care of yourself because of illness or injury</li><li><b> . </b>( )  the state of not being legally or officially acceptable compare  validity</li></ul>

Word: justifiable

Meaning: <ul><li>existing or done for a good reason, and therefore acceptable Synonym   legitimate<p><i>justifiable pride</i></p><p><i>The university can be justifiably proud of its record.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: justification

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   justification (for something/doing something) a good reason why something exists or is done as an explanation of why something exists or why somebody has done something<p><i>I can see no possible justification for any further tax increases.</i></p><p><i>He was getting angry—and with some justification .</i></p><p><i>All I can say in justification of her actions is that she was under a lot of pressure at work.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: justified

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>justified (in doing something) having a good reason for doing something<p><i>She felt fully justified in asking for her money back.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>existing or done for a good reason<p><i>His fears proved justified.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: justify

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to show that somebody/something is right or reasonable<p><i><b>justify (somebody/something) doing something </b><br>How can they justify paying such huge salaries?</i></p><p><i><b>justify something </b><br>Her success had justified the faith her teachers had put in her.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>justify something/yourself (to somebody) |  justify (somebody/something) doing something to give an explanation or excuse for something or for doing something Synonym   defend<p><i>The Prime Minister has been asked to justify the decision to Parliament.</i></p><p><i>You don’t need to justify yourself to me.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>justify something ( technical )  to arrange lines of printed text so that one or both edges are straight Idioms  see  the end justifies the means  at  end   n.</li></ul>

Word: layer

Meaning: <ul><li>  often passive   layer something to arrange something in layers<p><i>Layer the potatoes and onions in a dish.</i></p><p><i>Her hair had been layered (= cut to several different lengths) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: link

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to make a physical or electronic connection between one object, machine, place, etc. and another Synonym   connect<p><i><b>link A to B </b><br>The video cameras are linked to a powerful computer.</i></p><p><i><b>link A with B </b><br>The Channel Tunnel links Britain with the rest of Europe.</i></p><p><i><b>link A and B (together) </b><br>When computers are networked, they are linked together so that information can be transferred between them.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>if something links  two things, facts or situations, or they are linked , they are connected in some way<p><i><b>link A to/with B </b><br>Exposure to ultraviolet light is closely linked  to skin cancer.</i></p><p><i><b>link A and B </b><br>The two factors are directly linked .</i></p><p><i>The personal and social development of the child are inextricably linked (= they depend on each other) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>link A to/with B |  link A and B to state that there is a connection or relationship between two things or people Synonym   associate<p><i>Detectives have linked the break-in to a similar crime in the area last year.</i></p><p><i>Newspapers have linked his name with the singer.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>link A and B to join two things by putting one through the other<p><i>The two girls linked arms  as they strolled down the street.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: linkage

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   linkage (between A and B) the act of linking things; a link or system of links Synonym   connection<p><i>This chapter explores the linkage between economic development and the environment.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a device that links two or more things</li></ul>

Word: locate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   locate somebody/something to find the exact position of somebody/something<p><i>The mechanic located the fault immediately.</i></p><p><i>Rescue planes are trying to locate the missing sailors.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   locate something + adverb/preposition to put or build something in a particular place Synonym   site    compare  relocate<p><i>They located their headquarters in Swindon.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   + adverb/preposition ( )  to start a business in a particular place<p><i>There are tax breaks for businesses that locate in rural areas.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: located

Meaning: <ul><li>    not before noun   if something is located  in a particular place, it exists there or has been put there Synonym   situated<p><i>a small town located   miles south of Chicago</i></p><p><i>The offices are conveniently located just a few minutes from the main station.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: location

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a place where something happens or exists; the position of something<p><i>a honeymoon in a secret location</i></p><p><i>What is the exact location of the ship?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a place outside a film studio where scenes of a film/movie are made<p><i>A mountain in the Rockies became the location for a film about Everest.</i></p><p><i>The movie was shot entirely on location  in Italy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of finding the position of somebody/something<p><i>Location of a suitable site may take some time.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: max

Meaning: <ul><li>( ,  )  to reach, or make something reach, the limit at which nothing more is possible<p><i>The car maxed out at    mph.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: maximize

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>maximize something to increase something as much as possible<p><i>to maximize efficiency/fitness/profits</i></p><p><i>Maximize the window to full screen.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>maximize something to make the best use of something<p><i>to maximize opportunities/resources</i></p></li></ul>

Word: maximum

Meaning: <ul><li>    usually singular   (abbr.   )  the greatest amount, size, speed, etc. that is possible, recorded or allowed compare  minimum<p><i>a maximum of   children in a class</i></p><p><i>The job will require you to use all your skills to the maximum .</i></p><p><i>The July maximum (= the highest temperature recorded in July)  was  0°C.</i></p><p><i>What is the absolute maximum you can afford to pay?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: minor

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  to study something at college, but not as your main subject compare  major</li></ul>

Word: minority

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  singular + singular or plural verb   the smaller part of a group; less than half of the people or things in a large group Opposite   majority<p><i>Only a small minority of students is/are interested in politics these days.</i></p><p><i>For a minority, the decision was a disappointment.</i></p><p><i>minority shareholders in the bank</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a small group within a community or country that is different because of race, religion, language, etc<p><i>the rights of ethnic/racial minorities</i></p><p><i>minority languages</i></p><p><i>a large German-speaking minority in the east of the country</i></p><p><i>The school is    per cent minority (=    per cent of children are not white Americans but from different groups) .</i></p><p><i>minority neighborhoods (= where no or few white people live)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( law )  the state of being under the age at which you are legally an adult<p><i>When his minority ended he had to fight to reclaim his property.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: negate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>negate something to stop something from having any effect Synonym   nullify<p><i>Alcohol negates the effects of the drug.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>negate something to state that something does not exist</li></ul>

Word: negative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>negative something to refuse to agree to a proposal or a request</li><li><b> . </b>negative something to prove that something is not true</li></ul>

Word: negative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>bad or harmful Opposite   positive<p><i>The crisis had a negative effect on  trade.</i></p><p><i>The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>considering only the bad side of something/somebody; lacking enthusiasm or hope Opposite   positive<p><i>Scientists have a fairly negative attitude  to the theory.</i></p><p><i>‘He probably won’t show up.’ ‘Don’t be so negative.’</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>expressing the answer ‘no’ Opposite   affirmative<p><i>His response was negative.</i></p><p><i>They received a negative reply.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>containing a word such as ‘no’, ‘not’, ‘never’, etc<p><i>a negative form/sentence</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )  not showing any evidence of a particular substance or medical condition Opposite   positive<p><i>Her pregnancy test was negative.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical )  containing or producing the type of electricity that is carried by an electron  Opposite   positive<p><i>a negative charge/current</i></p><p><i>the negative terminal of a battery</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>less than zero Opposite   positive<p><i>a negative trade balance</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reactor

Meaning: <ul><li>( nuclear reactor ) a large structure used for the controlled production of nuclear energy<p><i>plans to build a new reactor at the nuclear power plant</i></p></li></ul>

Word: outcome

Meaning: <ul><li>the result or effect of an action or event<p><i>We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations.</i></p><p><i>These costs are payable whatever the outcome of the case.</i></p><p><i>We are confident of a successful outcome.</i></p><p><i>Four possible outcomes have been identified.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: partner

Meaning: <ul><li>partner somebody to be somebody’s partner in a dance, game, etc<p><i>Gerry offered to partner me at tennis.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: partnership

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of being a partner in business<p><i>to be in/to go into partnership</i></p><p><i><b>partnership with somebody/something </b><br>He developed his own program in partnership  with an American expert.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a relationship between two people, organizations, etc; the state of having this relationship<p><i>Marriage should be an equal partnership.</i></p><p><i><b>partnership with somebody/something </b><br>the school’s partnership with parents</i></p><p><i><b>partnership between A and B </b><br>a partnership between the United States and Europe</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a business owned by two or more people who share the profits<p><i>a junior member of the partnership</i></p></li></ul>

Word: philosopher

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who studies or writes about philosophy<p><i>the Greek philosopher Aristotle</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who thinks deeply about things<p><i>He seems to be a bit of a philosopher.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: philosophical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with philosophy<p><i>the philosophical writings of Kant</i></p><p><i>philosophic debate</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>philosophical (about something) ( )  having a calm attitude towards a difficult or disappointing situation Synonym   stoical<p><i>He was philosophical about losing and said that he’d be back next year to try again.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: philosophize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )       intransitive   philosophize (about/on something) to talk about something in a serious way, especially when other people think this is boring ,    uncountable  <p><i>He spent the evening philosophizing on the meaning of life.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: philosophy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the study of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life<p><i>moral philosophy</i></p><p><i>the philosophy of science</i></p><p><i>a professor of philosophy</i></p><p><i>a degree in philosophy</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a particular set or system of beliefs resulting from the search for knowledge about life and the universe<p><i>the philosophy of Jung</i></p><p><i>the development of different philosophies</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a set of beliefs or an attitude to life that guides somebody’s behaviour<p><i>Her philosophy of life is to take every opportunity that presents itself.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: physical

Meaning: <ul><li>( physical examination ) a medical examination of a person’s body, for example, to check that they are fit enough to do a particular job</li></ul>

Word: physically

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in a way that is connected with a person’s body rather than their mind<p><i>mentally and physically handicapped</i></p><p><i>physically and emotionally exhausted</i></p><p><i>I felt physically sick before the exam.</i></p><p><i>I don’t find him physically attractive.</i></p><p><i>They were physically prevented from entering the building.</i></p><p><i>a physically demanding job</i></p><p><i>Try to be as physically active as possible.</i></p><p><i>Physically, she hadn’t changed much.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>according to the laws of nature or what is probable<p><i>It’s physically impossible to finish by the end of the week.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: proportion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   a part or share of a whole<p><i>Water covers a large proportion of the earth’s surface.</i></p><p><i>Loam is a soil with roughly equal proportions of clay, sand and silt.</i></p><p><i>The proportion of regular smokers increases with age.</i></p><p><i>A higher proportion of Americans go on to higher education than is the case in Britain.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   proportion (of something to something) the relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc. Synonym   ratio<p><i>The proportion of men to women in the college has changed dramatically over the years.</i></p><p><i>The basic ingredients are limestone and clay in the proportion  : .</i></p><p><i>The room is very long in proportion to (= relative to)  its width.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually plural   the correct relationship in size, degree, importance, etc. between one thing and another or between the parts of a whole<p><i>You haven’t drawn the figures in the foreground in proportion .</i></p><p><i>The head is out of proportion with  the body.</i></p><p><i>an impressive building with fine proportions</i></p><p><i>Always try to keep a sense of proportion (= of the relative importance of different things) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the measurements of something; its size and shape<p><i>This method divides the task into more manageable proportions.</i></p><p><i>a food shortage that could soon reach crisis proportions</i></p><p><i>a room of fairly generous proportions</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the equal relationship between two pairs of numbers, as in the statement ‘  is to   as   is to   ’</li></ul>

Word: proportional

Meaning: <ul><li>proportional (to something) of an appropriate size, amount or degree in comparison with something<p><i>Salary is proportional to years of experience.</i></p><p><i>The number of teachers appointed is proportional to the total number of students.</i></p><p><i>to be directly/inversely proportional  to something</i></p><p><i>Families with children spend proportionally less per person than families without children.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: proportionate

Meaning: <ul><li>proportionate (to something) ( )  increasing or decreasing in size, amount or degree according to changes in something else Synonym   proportional    compare  disproportionate<p><i>Increasing costs resulted in proportionate increases in prices.</i></p><p><i>The number of accidents is proportionate to the increased volume of traffic.</i></p><p><i>Prices have risen but wages have not risen proportionately.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: publish

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   publish something to produce a book, magazine, CD-ROM , etc. and sell it to the public<p><i>The first edition was published in  0 .</i></p><p><i>He works for a company that publishes reference books.</i></p><p><i>Most of our titles are also published on CD-ROM.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   publish something to print a letter, an article, etc. in a newspaper or magazine<p><i>Pictures of the suspect were published in all the daily papers.</i></p><p><i>The editors published a full apology in the following edition.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   publish something to make something available to the public on the Internet<p><i>The report will be published on the Internet.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   publish (something) ( of an author )  to have your work printed and sold to the public<p><i>She hasn’t published anything for years.</i></p><p><i>University teachers are under pressure to publish.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   publish something ( )  to make official information known to the public Synonym   release<p><i>The findings of the committee will be published on Friday.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: publisher

Meaning: <ul><li>a person or company that prepares and prints books, magazines, newspapers or electronic products and makes them available to the public<p><i>Several publishers are competing in the same market.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: publishing

Meaning: <ul><li>    uncountable   the profession or business of preparing and printing books, magazines, CD-ROMs , etc. and selling or making them available to the public see also  desktop publishing<p><i>a publishing house (= company)</i></p><p><i>a job in publishing</i></p></li></ul>

Word: react

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   react (to something) (by doing something) to change or behave in a particular way as a result of or in response to something<p><i>Local residents have reacted angrily to the news.</i></p><p><i>I nudged her but she didn’t react.</i></p><p><i>You never know how he is going to react.</i></p><p><i>The market reacted by falling a further two points.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   (+ adverb/preposition) to become ill/sick after eating, breathing, etc. a particular substance<p><i>People can react badly to certain food additives.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   react (with something) |  react (together) ( chemistry ) ( of substances )  to experience a chemical change when coming into contact with another substance<p><i>Iron reacts with water and air to produce rust.</i></p><p><i>When an acid and an alkali react together the result is a salt and water.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reaction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   reaction (to somebody/something) what you do, say or think as a result of something that has happened<p><i>What was his reaction to the news?</i></p><p><i>My immediate reaction  was one of shock.</i></p><p><i>A spokesman said the changes were not in reaction to  the company’s recent losses.</i></p><p><i>There has been a mixed reaction  to her appointment as director.</i></p><p><i>The decision provoked an angry reaction from local residents.</i></p><p><i>I tried shaking him but there was no reaction.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular ,  uncountable   reaction (against something) a change in people’s attitudes or behaviour caused by disapproval of the attitudes, etc. of the past<p><i>The return to traditional family values is a reaction against the permissiveness of recent decades.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a response by the body, usually a bad one, to a drug, chemical substance, etc<p><i>to have an allergic reaction  to a drug</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the ability to move quickly in response to something, especially if in danger<p><i>a skilled driver with quick reactions</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   ( chemistry )  a chemical change produced by two or more substances acting on each other see also  chain reaction<p><i>a chemical/nuclear reaction</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( physics )  a force shown by something in response to another force, which is of equal strength and acts in the opposite direction<p><i>Action and reaction are equal and opposite.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   opposition to social or political progress or change<p><i>The forces of reaction made change difficult.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reactionary

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) a person who is opposed to political or social change<p><i>a reactionary government</i></p><p><i>reactionary politics</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reactivate

Meaning: <ul><li>reactivate something to make something start working or happening again after a period of time   uncountable  </li></ul>

Word: reactive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  showing a reaction or response compare  proactive<p><i>The police presented a reactive rather than preventive strategy against crime.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( chemistry )  tending to show chemical change when mixed with another substance<p><i>highly reactive substances</i></p></li></ul>

Word: register

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   an official list or record of names, items, etc; a book that contains such a list<p><i>a parish register (= of births, marriages and deaths)</i></p><p><i>to be on the electoral register/register of voters</i></p><p><i>Could you sign the hotel register  please, sir?</i></p><p><i>The teacher called the register (= checked who was present at school) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the range, or part of a range, of a human voice or a musical instrument<p><i>in the upper/middle/lower register</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   ( linguistics )  the level and style of a piece of writing or speech, that is usually appropriate to the situation that it is used in<p><i>The essay suddenly switches from a formal to an informal register.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  an opening, with a cover that you can have open or shut, that allows hot or cold air from a heating or cooling system into a room compare  vent</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ) =  cash register</li></ul>

Word: registration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of making an official record of something/somebody<p><i>the registration of letters and parcels</i></p><p><i>the registration of students for a course</i></p><p><i>registration fees</i></p><p><i>vehicle registrations</i></p><p><i>the registration of a child’s birth</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   a document showing that an official record has been made of something compare  logbook</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ) =  registration number</li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the time when a teacher looks at the list of students on the class register and checks that the students are present</li></ul>

Word: reliable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that can be trusted to do something well; that you can rely on Synonym   dependable<p><i>We are looking for someone who is reliable and hard-working.</i></p><p><i>a reliable friend</i></p><p><i>My car’s not as reliable as it used to be.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>that is likely to be correct or true<p><i>Our information comes from a reliable source.</i></p><p><i>a reliable witness</i></p><p><i>How reliable are the local weather forecasts?</i></p><p><i>These tests are a reliable indicator of future performance.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reliance

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  singular   reliance (on/upon somebody/something) the state of needing somebody/something in order to survive, be successful, etc; the fact of being able to rely on somebody/something Synonym   dependence<p><i>Heavy reliance on one client is risky when you are building up a business.</i></p><p><i>Such learning methods encourage too great a reliance upon the teacher.</i></p><p><i>The study programme concentrates more on group work and places  less reliance on (= depends less on)  lectures.</i></p><p><i>I wouldn’t place  too much reliance on (= trust)  these figures.</i></p><p><i>an increasing reliance on overseas aid</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reliant

Meaning: <ul><li>reliant on/upon somebody/something needing somebody/something in order to survive, be successful, etc. Synonym   dependent    see also  self-reliant<p><i>The hostel is heavily reliant upon charity.</i></p><p><i>Businesses have become increasingly reliant on complicated computing systems.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: relocate

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( especially of a company or workers )  to move or to move somebody/something to a new place to work or operate   uncountable  <p><i>The firm may be forced to relocate from New York to Stanford.</i></p><p><i>Some were unwilling to relocate.</i></p><p><i><b>relocate something </b><br>The company relocated its head office to Stanford.</i></p><p><i>relocation costs</i></p></li></ul>

Word: rely

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to need or depend on somebody/something<p><i>As babies, we rely entirely on others for food.</i></p><p><i><b>rely on/upon somebody/something to do something </b><br>These days we rely heavily on computers to organize our work.</i></p><p><i><b>rely on/upon somebody/something doing something </b><br>The industry relies on the price of raw materials remaining low.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to trust or have faith in somebody/something<p><i>You should rely on your own judgement.</i></p><p><i><b>rely on/upon somebody/something to do something </b><br>You can rely on me to keep your secret.</i></p><p><i>He can’t be relied on to tell the truth.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: removable

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   that can be taken off or out of something Synonym   detachable<p><i>The dryer has a removable filter.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: removal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   removal (of somebody/something) the act of taking somebody/something away from a particular place<p><i>Clearance of the site required the removal of a number of trees.</i></p><p><i>the removal of a tumour</i></p><p><i>Allegations of abuse led to the removal of several children from their families.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   removal (of something) the act of getting rid of something<p><i>stain removal</i></p><p><i>the removal of trade barriers</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   removal (of somebody) the act of dismissing somebody from their job Synonym   dismissal<p><i>events leading to the removal of the president from office</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  an act of taking furniture, etc. from one house to another<p><i>house removals</i></p><p><i>a removal company/firm</i></p><p><i>When are the removal men coming?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: remove

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   ( )  an amount by which two things are separated<p><i>Charlotte seemed to be living at one remove  from reality.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: schematic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in the form of a diagram that shows the main features or relationships but not the details<p><i>a schematic diagram</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>according to a fixed plan or pattern<p><i>The play has a very schematic plot.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: scheme

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to make secret plans to do something that will help yourself and possibly harm others Synonym   plot<p><i><b>scheme (against somebody) </b><br>She seemed to feel that we were all scheming against her.</i></p><p><i><b>scheme to do something </b><br>His colleagues, meanwhile, were busily scheming to get rid of him.</i></p><p><i><b>scheme something </b><br>Her enemies were scheming her downfall.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   scheme something ( ,  )  to think or form an opinion about something<p><i>What do you scheme?</i></p><p><i>‘Do you think he’ll come?’ ‘I scheme so.’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sequence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>sequence something ( technical )  to arrange things into a sequence</li><li><b> . </b>sequence something ( biology )  to identify the order in which a set of genes  or parts of molecules  are arranged<p><i>The human genome has now been sequenced.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sequential

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) following in order of time or place<p><i>sequential data processing</i></p><p><i>data stored sequentially on a computer</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sex

Meaning: <ul><li>sex something ( technical )  to examine an animal in order to find out whether it is male or female ( )  to make somebody feel sexually excited ( )  to make something seem more exciting and interesting<p><i>The profession is trying to sex up its image.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sexism

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the unfair treatment of people, especially women, because of their sex; the attitude that causes this<p><i>legislation designed to combat sexism in the work place</i></p><p><i>a study of sexism in language</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sexual

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with the physical activity of sex<p><i>sexual behaviour</i></p><p><i>They were not having a sexual relationship at the time.</i></p><p><i>Her interest in him is purely sexual.</i></p><p><i>sexual orientation (= whether you are heterosexual  or homosexual  )</i></p><p><i>a sexual partner (= a person who you have sex with)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the process of producing young<p><i>the sexual organs (= the penis , vagina , etc.)</i></p><p><i>sexual reproduction</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with the state of being male or female<p><i>sexual characteristics</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sexuality

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the feelings and activities connected with a person’s sexual desires<p><i>male/female sexuality</i></p><p><i>He was confused about his sexuality.</i></p><p><i>the psychology of human sexuality</i></p></li></ul>

Word: shift

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   shift (in something) a change in position or direction see also  paradigm shift<p><i>a dramatic shift in public opinion</i></p><p><i>a shift of emphasis</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a period of time worked by a group of workers who start work as another group finishes see also  swing shift<p><i>to be on the day/night shift  at the factory</i></p><p><i>to work an eight-hour shift</i></p><p><i>working in shifts</i></p><p><i>shift workers/work</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   the workers who work a particular shift<p><i>The night shift has/have just come off duty.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the system on a computer keyboard or typewriter  that allows capital letters or a different set of characters to be typed; the key that operates this system<p><i>a shift key</i></p><p><i>Press shift + F   to insert a new worksheet.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a woman’s simple straight dress</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a simple straight piece of clothing worn by women in the past as underwear</li></ul>

Word: specify

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  ,  to state something, especially by giving an exact measurement, time, exact instructions, etc<p><i><b>specify something </b><br>Remember to specify your size when ordering clothes.</i></p><p><i>Forms must be returned by the specified date.</i></p><p><i><b>specify who, what, etc… </b><br>The contract clearly specifies who can operate the machinery.</i></p><p><i><b>specify that… </b><br>The regulations specify that calculators may not be used in the examination.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sufficiency

Meaning: <ul><li>  singular   sufficiency (of something) ( )  an amount of something that is enough for a particular purpose<p><i>a sufficiency of well-trained teachers</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sufficient

Meaning: <ul><li>  enough for a particular purpose; as much as you need Opposite   insufficient    see also  self-sufficient<p><i>Allow sufficient time to get there.</i></p><p><i>One dose should be sufficient.</i></p><p><i><b>sufficient to do something </b><br>These reasons are not sufficient to justify the ban.</i></p><p><i><b>sufficient for something/somebody </b><br>Is £ 0 sufficient for your expenses?</i></p><p><i>The following day she felt sufficiently well to go to work.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: task

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   task somebody (with something) ( )  to give somebody a task to do<p><i>NATO troops were tasked with keeping the peace.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: technical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with the practical use of machinery, methods, etc. in science and industry<p><i>We offer free technical support for those buying our software.</i></p><p><i>a technical education</i></p><p><i>technical drawing (= especially taught as a school subject)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with the skills needed for a particular job, sport, art, etc<p><i>Skaters score extra points for technical complexity.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with a particular subject and therefore difficult to understand if you do not know about that subject<p><i>The article is full of technical terms .</i></p><p><i>The guide is too technical for a non-specialist.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the details of a law or set of rules<p><i>Their lawyers spent days arguing over technical details.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: technically

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>according to the exact meaning, facts etc<p><i>Technically (speaking) , the two countries are still at war.</i></p><p><i>It is still technically possible  for them to win (= but it seems unlikely).</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that is connected with the skills needed for a particular job, sport, art, etc<p><i>As a musician, she is technically accomplished.</i></p><p><i>Technically, he is an excellent goalkeeper.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that is connected with the practical use of machinery, methods, etc. in science and industry<p><i>a technically advanced society</i></p><p><i>In those days recording sound was not technically possible .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: technique

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special skills<p><i>The artist combines different techniques in the same painting.</i></p><p><i>marketing techniques</i></p><p><i>Teachers learn various techniques for dealing with problem students.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the skill with which somebody is able to do something practical<p><i>Her technique has improved a lot over the past season.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: technology

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   scientific knowledge used in practical ways in industry, for example in designing new machines see also  high technology  ,  information technology   ,<p><i>science and technology</i></p><p><i>recent advances in medical technology</i></p><p><i>to make use of the most modern technologies</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   machinery or equipment designed using technology<p><i>The company has invested in the latest technology.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unconstrained

Meaning: <ul><li>not restricted or limited see also  constrain<p><i>unconstrained growth</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unconventional

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) not following what is done or considered normal or acceptable by most people; different and interesting Synonym   unorthodox    Opposite   conventional      uncountable  <p><i>an unconventional approach to the problem</i></p><p><i>unconventional views</i></p><p><i>The magazine describes him as having unconventional good looks.</i></p><p><i>He dresses unconventionally.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unjustified

Meaning: <ul><li>not fair or necessary Synonym   unwarranted    Opposite   justified<p><i>The criticism was wholly unjustified.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unpublished

Meaning: <ul><li>not published<p><i>an unpublished novel</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unreliable

Meaning: <ul><li>that cannot be trusted or depended on Opposite   reliable      uncountable  <p><i>The trains are notoriously unreliable.</i></p><p><i>He’s totally unreliable as a source of information.</i></p><p><i>the unreliability of some statistics</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unspecified

Meaning: <ul><li>not stated clearly or definitely; not having been specified<p><i>The story takes place at an unspecified date.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: valid

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that is legally or officially acceptable<p><i>a valid passport</i></p><p><i>a bus pass valid for   month</i></p><p><i>They have a valid claim to compensation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>based on what is logical or true<p><i>She had valid reasons for not supporting the proposals.</i></p><p><i>The point you make is perfectly valid.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( computing )  that is accepted by the system<p><i>a valid password</i></p></li></ul>

Word: validate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>validate something to prove that something is true Opposite   invalidate<p><i>to validate a theory</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>validate something to make something legally valid Opposite   invalidate<p><i>to validate a contract</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>validate something to state officially that something is useful and of an acceptable standard<p><i>Check that their courses have been validated by a reputable organization.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: validity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the state of being legally or officially acceptable<p><i>The period of validity of the agreement has expired.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the state of being logical and true<p><i>We had doubts about the validity of their argument.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: volume

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the amount of space that an object or a substance fills; the amount of space that a container has<p><i>How do you measure the volume of a gas?</i></p><p><i>jars of different volumes</i></p><p><i>Wait until the dough doubles in volume before kneading it again.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the amount of something<p><i>the sheer volume (= large amount)  of business</i></p><p><i>This work has grown in volume recently.</i></p><p><i>New roads are being built to cope with the increased volume of traffic.</i></p><p><i>Sales volumes fell 0. % in June.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the amount of sound that is produced by a television, radio, etc<p><i>to turn the volume up/down</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   (abbr.   )  a book, that is part of a series of books<p><i>an encyclopedia in   volumes</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a book<p><i>a library of over  000 volumes</i></p><p><i>a slim volume of poetry</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   (abbr.   )  a series of different issues of the same magazine, especially all the issues for one year<p><i>‘New Scientist’ volume    , number  </i></p></li></ul>

Word: access

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>access something ( computing )  to open a computer file in order to get or add information</li><li><b> . </b>access something ( )  to reach, enter or use something<p><i>The loft can be accessed by a ladder.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: accessible

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that can be reached, entered, used, seen, etc<p><i>The remote desert area is accessible only by helicopter.</i></p><p><i><b>accessible to somebody </b><br>These documents are not accessible to the public.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>easy to understand<p><i>Her poetry is always very accessible.</i></p><p><i><b>accessible to somebody </b><br>a programme making science more accessible to young people</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  easy to talk to and to get to know</li></ul>

Word: adequate

Meaning: <ul><li>  enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need Opposite   inadequate      uncountable   Opposite   inadequacy    Opposite   inadequately<p><i>an adequate supply of hot water</i></p><p><i>The room was small but adequate.</i></p><p><i>There is a lack of adequate provision for disabled students.</i></p><p><i>He didn’t give an adequate answer to the question.</i></p><p><i><b>adequate for something </b><br>The space available is not adequate for our needs.</i></p><p><i><b>adequate to do something </b><br>training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry</i></p><p><i>The adequacy of the security arrangements has been questioned.</i></p><p><i>Are you adequately insured?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: annual

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a book, especially one for children, that is published once a year, with the same title each time, but different contents<p><i>The children usually asked for comic or sporting annuals for Christmas.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>any plant that grows and dies within one year or season compare  biennial   n.  ,  perennial   n.   ,</li></ul>

Word: annually

Meaning: <ul><li>  once a year<p><i>The exhibition is held annually.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: apparent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  not usually before noun   easy to see or understand Synonym   obvious<p><i>Their devotion was apparent.</i></p><p><i>Then, for no apparent reason , the train suddenly stopped.</i></p><p><i><b>apparent (from something) (that…) </b><br>It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.</i></p><p><i><b>apparent (to somebody) (that…) </b><br>It  soon became apparent  to everyone that he couldn’t sing.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   that seems to be real or true but may not be Synonym   seeming<p><i>My parents were concerned at my apparent lack of enthusiasm for school.</i></p><p><i>Their affluence is more apparent than real (= they are not as rich as they seem to be) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: apparently

Meaning: <ul><li>  according to what you have heard or read; according to the way something appears<p><i>Apparently they are getting divorced soon.</i></p><p><i>I thought she had retired, but apparently she hasn’t.</i></p><p><i>He paused, apparently lost in thought.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: approximate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to be similar or close to something in nature, quality, amount, etc, but not exactly the same<p><i><b>approximate something </b><br>The animals were reared in conditions which approximated the wild as closely as possible.</i></p><p><i>The total cost will approximate £   billion.</i></p><p><i><b>approximate to something </b><br>His story approximates to the facts that we already know.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   approximate something to calculate or estimate something fairly accurately<p><i>a formula for approximating the weight of a horse</i></p></li></ul>

Word: approximately

Meaning: <ul><li>  used to show that something is almost, but not completely, accurate or correct<p><i>The journey took approximately seven hours.</i></p><p><i>The two buildings were approximately equal in size.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: approximation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an estimate of a number or an amount that is almost correct, but not exact<p><i>That’s just an approximation, you understand.</i></p><p><i>An approximation of the numbers expected to attend would be   0.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>approximation (of/to something) a thing that is similar to something else, but is not exactly the same<p><i>Our results should be a good approximation of the true state of affairs.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attitude

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   attitude (to/towards somebody/something) the way that you think and feel about somebody/something; the way that you behave towards somebody/something that shows how you think and feel<p><i>changes in public attitudes to marriage</i></p><p><i>the government’s attitude towards single parents</i></p><p><i>to have a good/bad/positive/negative attitude towards somebody/something</i></p><p><i>Youth is simply an attitude of mind .</i></p><p><i>If you want to pass your exams you’d better change your attitude!</i></p><p><i>You’re taking a pretty selfish attitude over this, aren’t you?</i></p><p><i>A lot of drivers have a serious attitude problem (= they do not behave in a way that is acceptable to other people) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   confident, sometimes aggressive behaviour that shows you do not care about other people’s opinions and that you want to do things in an individual way<p><i>a band with attitude</i></p><p><i>You’d better get rid of that attitude and shape up, young man.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a position of the body<p><i>Her hands were folded in an attitude of prayer.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attributable

Meaning: <ul><li>  not before noun   attributable to somebody/something probably caused by the thing mentioned<p><i>Their illnesses are attributable to a poor diet.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attribute

Meaning: <ul><li>a quality or feature of somebody/something<p><i>Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.</i></p><p><i>The most basic attribute of all animals is consciousness.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attribute

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>attribute something to something to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing<p><i>She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to say or believe that somebody is responsible for doing something, especially for saying, writing or painting something<p><i><b>attribute something </b><br>The committee refused to attribute blame  without further information.</i></p><p><i><b>attribute something to somebody </b><br>This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: overall

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )    countable   a loose coat worn over other clothes to protect them from dirt, etc<p><i>The lab assistant was wearing a white overall.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( coveralls )   plural   a loose piece of clothing like a shirt and trousers/pants in one piece, made of heavy cloth and usually worn over other clothing by workers doing dirty work compare  boiler suit<p><i>The mechanic was wearing a pair of blue overalls.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( bib overalls ) ( ) ( dungarees )   plural   a piece of clothing that consists of trousers/pants with an extra piece of cloth covering the chest, held up by strips of cloth over the shoulders</li></ul>

Word: civil

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the people who live in a country see also  civil war<p><i>civil unrest (= that is caused by groups of people within a country)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the state rather than with religion or with the armed forces<p><i>a civil marriage ceremony</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   involving personal legal matters and not criminal law compare  criminal   see also  civil law<p><i>a civil court</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>polite in a formal way but possibly not friendly Opposite   uncivil<p><i>The less time I have to spend being civil to him the better!</i></p></li></ul>

Word: code

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>code something to write or print words, letters, numbers, etc. on something so that you know what it is, what group it belongs to, etc<p><i>Each order is coded separately.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>code something to put a message into code so that it can only be understood by a few people</li><li><b> . </b>code something ( computing )  to write a computer program by putting one system of numbers, words and symbols into another system Synonym   encode</li></ul>

Word: commit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to do something wrong or illegal<p><i>to commit murder/adultery</i></p><p><i>Most crimes are committed by young men.</i></p><p><i>appalling crimes committed against innocent children</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to kill yourself deliberately</li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  often passive   to promise sincerely that you will definitely do something, keep to an agreement or arrangement, etc<p><i><b>commit somebody/yourself (to something/to doing something) </b><br>The President is committed to reforming health care.</i></p><p><i>Borrowers should think carefully before committing themselves to taking out a loan.</i></p><p><i><b>commit somebody/yourself to do something </b><br>Both sides committed themselves to settle the dispute peacefully.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   commit yourself (to something) to give an opinion or make a decision openly so that it is then difficult to change it see also  non-committal<p><i>You don’t have to commit yourself now, just think about it.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   commit (to somebody/something) to be completely loyal to one person, organization, etc. or give all your time and effort to your work, an activity, etc see also  committed<p><i>Why are so many men scared to commit? (= say they will be loyal to one person)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   commit something to spend money or time on something/somebody<p><i>The council has committed large amounts of money to housing projects.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  often passive   commit somebody to something to order somebody to be sent to a hospital, prison, etc<p><i>She was committed to a psychiatric hospital.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   commit somebody to send somebody for trial in court</li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to learn something well enough to remember it exactly<p><i>She committed the instructions to memory.</i></p></li><li><b> 0. </b>  transitive   to write something down</li></ul>

Word: commitment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way; a promise to support somebody/something; the fact of committing yourself<p><i><b>commitment (to somebody/something) </b><br>She doesn’t want to make a  big emotional commitment  to Steve at the moment.</i></p><p><i>the government’s commitment to public services</i></p><p><i><b>commitment to do/doing something </b><br>The company’s commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   commitment (to somebody/something) the willingness to work hard and give your energy and time to a job or an activity<p><i>A career as an actor requires one hundred per cent commitment.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a thing that you have promised or agreed to do, or that you have to do<p><i>He’s busy for the next month with filming commitments.</i></p><p><i>Women very often have to juggle work with their family commitments.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   commitment (of something) (to something) agreeing to use money, time or people in order to achieve something<p><i>the commitment of resources to education</i></p><p><i>Achieving success at this level requires a commitment of time and energy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: committed

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) willing to work hard and give your time and energy to something; believing strongly in something Opposite   uncommitted<p><i>a committed member of the team</i></p><p><i>They are committed socialists.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: communicable

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) that somebody can pass on to other people or communicate to somebody else<p><i>communicable diseases</i></p><p><i>The value of the product must be communicable to the potential consumers.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: communicate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to exchange information, news, ideas, etc. with somebody<p><i>We only communicate by email.</i></p><p><i>They communicated in sign language.</i></p><p><i><b>communicate with somebody/something </b><br>Dolphins use sound to communicate with each other.</i></p><p><i><b>communicate something (to somebody) </b><br>to communicate information/a message to somebody</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to make your ideas, feelings, thoughts, etc. known to other people so that they understand them<p><i>Candidates must be able to communicate effectively.</i></p><p><i><b>communicate something (to somebody) </b><br>He was eager to communicate his ideas to the group.</i></p><p><i>Her nervousness was communicating itself to the children.</i></p><p><i><b>communicate how/what, etc… </b><br>They failed to communicate what was happening and why.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   communicate (with somebody) to have a good relationship because you are able to understand and talk about your own and other people’s thoughts, feelings, etc<p><i>The novel is about a family who can’t communicate with each other.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  usually passive   communicate something to pass a disease from one person, animal, etc. to another<p><i>The disease is communicated through dirty drinking water.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   if two rooms communicate , they are next to each other and you can get from one to the other<p><i>a communicating door (= one that connects two rooms)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: communication

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people information<p><i>Speech is the fastest method of communication between people.</i></p><p><i>All channels of communication need to be kept open.</i></p><p><i>Doctors do not always have good communication skills .</i></p><p><i>non-verbal communication</i></p><p><i>We are in regular communication by email.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable     plural   methods of sending information, especially telephones, radio, computers, etc. or roads and railways<p><i>communication systems/links/technology</i></p><p><i>The new airport will improve communications between the islands.</i></p><p><i>Snow has prevented communication with the outside world for three days.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a message, letter or telephone call<p><i>a communication from the leader of the party</i></p></li></ul>

Word: communicative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>willing to talk and give information to other people Opposite   uncommunicative<p><i>I don’t find him very communicative.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with the ability to communicate in a language, especially a foreign language<p><i>communicative skills</i></p></li></ul>

Word: concentrate

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   a substance that is made stronger because water or other substances have been removed<p><i>mineral concentrates found at the bottom of rivers</i></p><p><i>jams made with fruit juice concentrate</i></p></li></ul>

Word: concentrated

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>showing determination to do something<p><i>He made a concentrated effort to finish the work on time.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a substance )  made stronger because water or other substances have been removed<p><i>concentrated orange juice</i></p><p><i>a concentrated solution of salt in water</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>if something exists or happens in a concentrated  way, there is a lot of it in one place or at one time<p><i>concentrated gunfire</i></p><p><i>a widespread distrust of concentrated power and bureaucracies</i></p></li></ul>

Word: concentration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the ability to direct all your effort and attention on one thing, without thinking of other things<p><i>This book requires a great deal of concentration.</i></p><p><i>Tiredness affects your powers of concentration.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   concentration (on something) the process of people directing effort and attention on a particular thing<p><i>a need for greater concentration on environmental issues</i></p><p><i>In his concentration on the job in hand, John allowed his normal vigilance to slip.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   concentration (of something) a lot of something in one place<p><i>a concentration of industry in the north of the country</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the amount of a substance in a liquid or in another substance<p><i>glucose concentrations in the blood</i></p></li></ul>

Word: confer

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   confer (with somebody) (on/about something) to discuss something with somebody, in order to exchange opinions or get advice<p><i>He wanted to confer with his colleagues before reaching a decision.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   confer something (on/upon somebody) to give somebody an award, a university degree or a particular honour or right<p><i>An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in  0 .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conference

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a large official meeting, usually lasting for a few days, at which people with the same work or interests come together to discuss their views<p><i>The hotel is used for exhibitions, conferences and social events.</i></p><p><i>a conference room/centre/hall</i></p><p><i>She is attending a three-day conference on AIDS education.</i></p><p><i>The conference will be held in Glasgow.</i></p><p><i>delegates to the Labour Party’s annual conference</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a meeting at which people have formal discussions see also  press conference<p><i>Ministers from all four countries involved will meet at the conference table  this week.</i></p><p><i>He was in conference  with his lawyers all day.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a group of sports teams that play against each other in a league<p><i>Southeast Conference football champions</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contrast

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   contrast (A and/with B) to compare two things in order to show the differences between them<p><i>It is interesting to contrast the British legal system with the American one.</i></p><p><i>The poem contrasts youth and age.</i></p><p><i>Compare and contrast the two novels.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   contrast (with something) to show a clear difference when close together or when compared<p><i>Her actions contrasted sharply  with her promises.</i></p><p><i>Her actions and her promises contrasted sharply.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contrasting

Meaning: <ul><li>    usually before noun   very different in style, colour or attitude<p><i>bright, contrasting colours</i></p><p><i>The book explores contrasting views of the poet’s early work.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contrastive

Meaning: <ul><li>( linguistics ) showing the differences between languages<p><i>a contrastive analysis of British and Australian English</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cycle

Meaning: <ul><li>    intransitive   (+adverb/preposition) ( )  to ride a bicycle; to travel by bicycle compare  bicycle  ,  bike   ,<p><i>I usually cycle home through the park.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cyclic

Meaning: <ul><li>( cyclical )   usually before noun   repeated many times and always happening in the same order<p><i>the cyclic processes of nature</i></p><p><i>Economic activity often follows a cyclical pattern.</i></p><p><i>events that occur cyclically</i></p></li></ul>

Word: debatable

Meaning: <ul><li>not certain because people can have different ideas and opinions about the thing being discussed Synonym   arguable   ,  questionable    ,<p><i>a debatable point</i></p><p><i>It is  highly debatable whether  conditions have improved for low-income families.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: debate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to discuss something, especially formally, before making a decision or finding a solution Synonym   discuss<p><i><b>debate (something) </b><br>Politicians will be debating the bill later this week.</i></p><p><i>The question of the origin of the universe is still hotly debated (= strongly argued about)  by scientists.</i></p><p><i><b>debate whether, what, etc… </b><br>The committee will debate whether to lower the age of club membership to   .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to think carefully about something before making a decision<p><i><b>debate (with yourself) </b><br>She debated with herself for a while, and then picked up the phone.</i></p><p><i><b>debate whether, what, etc… </b><br>We’re debating whether or not to go skiing this winter.</i></p><p><i><b>debate doing something </b><br>For a moment he debated going after her.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: despite

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>used to show that something happened or is true although something else might have happened to prevent it Synonym   in spite of<p><i>Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it.</i></p><p><i>Despite applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work.</i></p><p><i>She was good at physics despite the fact that  she found it boring.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used to show that somebody did not intend to do the thing mentioned Synonym   in spite of<p><i>He had to laugh despite himself.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: dimension

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a measurement in space, for example the height, width or length of something see also  the fourth dimension<p><i>We measured the dimensions of the kitchen.</i></p><p><i>computer design tools that work in three dimensions</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually plural   the size and extent of a situation<p><i>a problem of considerable dimensions</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an aspect, or way of looking at or thinking about something<p><i>Her job added a new dimension to her life.</i></p><p><i>the social dimension of unemployment</i></p></li></ul>

Word: -dimensional

Meaning: <ul><li>( in adjectives )  having the number of dimensions  mentioned see also  multidimensional  ,  three-dimensional  ,  two-dimensional   ,  ,<p><i>a multidimensional model</i></p></li></ul>

Word: domestic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( domestic help ,  domestic worker ) a servant who works in somebody’s house, doing the cleaning and other jobs</li><li><b> . </b>( ,  )  a fight between two members of the same family<p><i>The police were called to sort out a domestic.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: domestic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   of or inside a particular country; not foreign or international<p><i>domestic affairs/politics</i></p><p><i>domestic flights (= to and from places within a country)</i></p><p><i>Output consists of both exports and sales on the domestic market.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   used in the home; connected with the home or family<p><i>domestic appliances</i></p><p><i>domestic chores</i></p><p><i>the growing problem of domestic violence (= violence between members of the same family)</i></p><p><i>domestic service (= the work of a servant in a large house)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>liking home life; enjoying or good at cooking, cleaning the house, etc<p><i>I’m not a very domestic sort of person.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of animals )  kept on farms or as pets; not wild</li></ul>

Word: domesticate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>domesticate something to make a wild animal used to living with or working for humans</li><li><b> . </b>domesticate something to grow plants or crops for human use Synonym   cultivate</li><li><b> . </b>domesticate somebody ( )  to make somebody good at cooking, caring for a house, etc; to make somebody enjoy home life<p><i>Some men are very hard to domesticate.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: emerge

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to come out of a dark, confined or hidden place<p><i><b>emerge (from something) </b><br>The swimmer emerged from the lake.</i></p><p><i>She finally emerged from her room at noon.</i></p><p><i>He emerged from the shadows.</i></p><p><i><b>emerge (into something) </b><br>We emerged into bright sunlight.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( of facts, ideas, etc. )  to become known Synonym   transpire<p><i>No new evidence emerged during the investigation.</i></p><p><i><b>it emerges that… </b><br>It emerged that the company was going to be sold.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to start to exist; to appear or become known<p><i>After the elections opposition groups began to emerge.</i></p><p><i>the emerging markets of South Asia</i></p><p><i><b>emerge as something </b><br>He emerged as a key figure in the campaign</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   emerge (from something) to survive a difficult situation or experience<p><i>She emerged from the scandal with her reputation intact.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: emergent

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   new and still developing<p><i>emergent nations/states</i></p></li></ul>

Word: erroneous

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) not correct; based on wrong information<p><i>erroneous conclusions/assumptions</i></p><p><i>He seems to be under the erroneous impression that she is in love with him.</i></p><p><i>The bank erroneously transferred the money to her account.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: error

Meaning: <ul><li>    countable ,  uncountable   a mistake, especially one that causes problems or affects the result of something see also  margin of error   ( )  to realize or admit that you have done something wrong and decide to change your behaviour more at  trial and error  at  trial   n.<p><i>No payments were made last week because of a computer error.</i></p><p><i><b>error in something </b><br>There are too many errors in your work.</i></p><p><i><b>error in doing something </b><br>I think you have made an error in calculating the total.</i></p><p><i>A simple error of judgement  meant that there was not enough food to go around.</i></p><p><i>a grave error (= a very serious mistake)</i></p><p><i>a glaring error (= a mistake that is very obvious)</i></p><p><i>The delay was due to human error (= a mistake made by a person rather than by a machine) .</i></p><p><i>The computer system was switched off in error (= by mistake) .</i></p><p><i>There is no room for error  in this job.</i></p><p><i>Almost all accidents start with a simple error by the pilot.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ethnic

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  a person from an ethnic minority<p><i>states where there are a large number of ethnics</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ethnic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with or belonging to a nation, race or people that shares a cultural tradition<p><i>ethnic groups/communities</i></p><p><i>ethnic strife/tensions/violence (= between people from different races or peoples)</i></p><p><i>ethnic Albanians living in Germany</i></p><p><i>The country is divided along ethnic lines.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>typical of a country or culture that is very different from modern Western culture and therefore interesting for people in Western countries<p><i>ethnic clothes/jewellery/cooking</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ethnicity

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( technical ) the fact of belonging to a particular race<p><i>Many factors are important, for example class, gender, age and ethnicity.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: goal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( in sports )  a frame with a net into which players must kick or hit the ball in order to score a point<p><i>He headed the ball into an open goal (= one that had nobody defending it) .</i></p><p><i>Who is in goal (= is the goalkeeper  )  for Arsenal?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the act of kicking or hitting the ball into the goal ; a point that is scored for this see also  drop goal  ,  golden goal  ,  own goal   ,  ,<p><i>The winning goal  was scored by Hill.</i></p><p><i>Liverpool won by three goals to one.</i></p><p><i>United conceded two goals in the first half.</i></p><p><i>a penalty goal</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>something that you hope to achieve Synonym   aim<p><i>to work towards a goal</i></p><p><i>to achieve/attain a goal</i></p><p><i>You need to set yourself  some long-term goals .</i></p><p><i>Our ultimate goal  must be the preservation of the environment.</i></p><p><i>Their goal was to eradicate malaria.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: grant

Meaning: <ul><li>  grant (to do something) a sum of money that is given by the government or by another organization to be used for a particular purpose<p><i>student grants (= to pay for their education)</i></p><p><i>He has been awarded a research grant.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: granted

Meaning: <ul><li>granted (that…) because of the fact that<p><i>Granted that it is a simple test to perform, it should be easy to get results quickly.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: principal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  the person who is in charge of a college or a university see also  dean<p><i>Peter Brown, principal of St John’s College</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( head teacher ) a teacher who is in charge of a school<p><i>Principal Ray Smith</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually singular   ( finance )  an amount of money that you lend to somebody or invest to earn interest</li><li><b> . </b>the person who has the most important part in a play, an opera , etc<p><i>The performance of the two principals is disappointing.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical )  a person that you are representing, especially in business or law<p><i>The shareholders are principals and the managers are agents.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: hence

Meaning: <ul><li>  ( ) for this reason ( )  a number of days, etc. from now<p><i>We suspect they are trying to hide something, hence the need for an independent inquiry.</i></p><p><i>The true consequences will only be known several years hence.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: hypothesis

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct Synonym   theory<p><i>to formulate/confirm a hypothesis</i></p><p><i>a hypothesis about the function of dreams</i></p><p><i>There is little evidence to support these hypotheses.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   guesses and ideas that are not based on certain knowledge Synonym   speculation<p><i>It would be pointless to engage in hypothesis before we have the facts.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: hypothesize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )       transitive ,  intransitive   hypothesize (something) |  hypothesize that… ( )  to suggest a way of explaining something when you do not definitely know about it; to form a hypothesis<p><i>The causes can be hypothesized but not proved.</i></p><p><i>We can only hypothesize that the cases we know about are typical.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: hypothetical

Meaning: <ul><li>based on situations or ideas which are possible and imagined rather than real and true<p><i>a hypothetical question/situation/example</i></p><p><i>Let us take the hypothetical case of Sheila, a mother of two…</i></p><p><i>I wasn’t asking about anybody in particular—it was a purely hypothetical  question.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: implement

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  a tool or an instrument, often one that is quite simple and that is used outdoors<p><i>agricultural implements</i></p></li></ul>

Word: implement

Meaning: <ul><li>implement something ( )  to make something that has been officially decided start to happen or be used Synonym   carry out      uncountable  <p><i>to implement changes/decisions/policies/reforms</i></p><p><i>A new work programme for young people will be implemented.</i></p><p><i>the implementation of the new system</i></p></li></ul>

Word: implicate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>implicate somebody (in something) to show or suggest that somebody is involved in something bad or criminal Synonym   incriminate<p><i>He tried to avoid saying anything that would implicate him further.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>implicate something (in/as something) to show or suggest that something is the cause of something bad<p><i>The results implicate poor hygiene as one cause of the outbreak.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: implication

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   implication (of something) (for something) a possible effect or result of an action or a decision<p><i>They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions.</i></p><p><i>The development of the site will have implications for  the surrounding countryside.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   something that is suggested or indirectly stated (= something that is implied)<p><i>The implication in his article is that being a housewife is greatly inferior to every other occupation.</i></p><p><i>He criticized the Director and, by implication , the whole of the organization.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   implication (of somebody) (in something) the fact of being involved, or of involving somebody, in something, especially a crime Synonym   involvement<p><i>He resigned after his implication in a sex scandal.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: impose

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   impose something (on/upon something/somebody) to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used<p><i>A new tax was imposed on fuel.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   impose something (on/upon somebody/something) to force somebody/something to have to deal with something that is difficult or unpleasant<p><i>to impose limitations/restrictions/constraints  on something</i></p><p><i>This system imposes additional financial burdens on many people.</i></p><p><i>The time limits are imposed on us by factors outside our control.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   impose something (on/upon somebody) to make somebody accept the same opinions, wishes, etc. as your own<p><i>She didn’t want to impose her values on her family.</i></p><p><i>It was noticeable how a few people managed to impose  their will on  the others.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to expect somebody to do something for you or to spend time with you, when it may not be convenient for them<p><i>‘You must stay for lunch.’ ‘Well, thanks, but I don’t want to impose…’</i></p><p><i><b>impose on/upon somebody/something </b><br>Everyone imposes on Dave’s good nature.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   impose yourself (on/upon somebody/something) to make somebody/something accept or be aware of your presence or ideas<p><i>European civilization was the first to impose itself across the whole world.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: imposition

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of introducing something such as a new law or rule, or a new tax<p><i>the imposition of martial law</i></p><p><i>the imposition of tax on domestic fuel</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an unfair or unreasonable thing that somebody expects or asks you to do<p><i>I’d like to stay if it’s not too much of an imposition.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inaccessible

Meaning: <ul><li>difficult or impossible to reach or to get Opposite   accessible      uncountable  <p><i>They live in a remote area, inaccessible except by car.</i></p><p><i>Dirt can collect in inaccessible places.</i></p><p><i><b>inaccessible to somebody/something </b><br>The temple is now inaccessible to the public.</i></p><p><i>The human brain was thought to be inaccessible to experimental investigation.</i></p><p><i>The language of teenagers is often completely inaccessible to (= not understood by)  adults.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inadequacy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   inadequacy (of something) the state of not being enough or good enough Opposite   adequacy<p><i>the inadequacy of our resources</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a state of not being able or confident to deal with a situation<p><i>a feeling/sense of inadequacy</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   inadequacy (of/in something) a weakness; a lack of something<p><i>gross inadequacies in the data</i></p><p><i>He had to face up to his own inadequacies as a father.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inadequate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>not enough; not good enough Opposite   adequate<p><i>inadequate supplies</i></p><p><i><b>inadequate for something </b><br>The system is inadequate for the tasks it has to perform.</i></p><p><i><b>inadequate to do something </b><br>The food supplies are inadequate to meet the needs of the hungry.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of people )  not able, or not confident enough, to deal with a situation Synonym   incompetent<p><i>I felt totally inadequate  as a parent.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: integrate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to combine two or more things so that they work together; to combine with something else in this way<p><i><b>integrate into/with something </b><br>These programs will integrate with your existing software.</i></p><p><i><b>integrate A (into/with B) </b><br>These programs can be integrated with your existing software.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to become or make somebody become accepted as a member of a social group, especially when they come from a different culture compare  segregate<p><i><b>integrate (into/with something) </b><br>They have not made any effort to integrate with the local community.</i></p><p><i><b>integrate somebody (into/with something) </b><br>The policy is to integrate children with special needs into ordinary schools.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: integrated

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   in which many different parts are closely connected and work successfully together<p><i>an integrated programme of patient care</i></p><p><i>an integrated transport system (= including buses, trains, taxis, etc.)</i></p><p><i>an integrated school (= attended by students of all races and religions)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: integration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act or process of combining two or more things so that they work together (= of integrating  them)<p><i>The aim is to promote closer economic integration.</i></p><p><i>His music is an integration of tradition and new technology.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act or process of mixing people who have previously been separated, usually because of colour, race, religion, etc<p><i>racial integration in schools</i></p></li></ul>

Word: internal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the inside of something Opposite   external<p><i>the internal structure of a building</i></p><p><i>internal doors</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the inside of your body Opposite   external<p><i>internal organs/injuries</i></p><p><i>The medicine is not for internal use .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   involving or concerning only the people who are part of a particular organization rather than people from outside it Opposite   external<p><i>an internal inquiry</i></p><p><i>the internal workings of government</i></p><p><i>internal divisions within the company</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with a country’s own affairs rather than those that involve other countries Synonym   domestic    Opposite   external<p><i>internal affairs/trade/markets</i></p><p><i>an internal flight (= within a country)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>coming from within a thing itself rather than from outside it<p><i>a theory which lacks internal consistency (= whose parts are not in agreement with each other)</i></p><p><i>Some photos contain internal evidence (= fashions, transport, etc.)  that may help to date them.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>happening or existing in your mind Synonym   inner<p><i>internal rage</i></p></li></ul>

Word: internalize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     internalize something ( technical )  to make a feeling, an attitude, or a belief part of the way you think and behave compare  externalize   ,    uncountable  <p><i>Minority groups tend to internalize the values of the dominant society.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: investigate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to carefully examine the facts of a situation, an event, a crime, etc. to find out the truth about it or how it happened<p><i>The FBI has been called in to investigate.</i></p><p><i>‘What was that noise?’ ‘I’ll go and investigate.’</i></p><p><i><b>investigate something </b><br>Police are investigating possible links between the murders.</i></p><p><i><b>investigate what, how, etc… </b><br>Police are investigating what happened.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   investigate somebody (for something) to try to find out information about somebody’s character, activities, etc<p><i>This is not the first time he has been investigated by the police for fraud.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to find out information and facts about a subject or problem by study or research<p><i><b>investigate (something) </b><br>Scientists are investigating the effects of diet on fighting cancer.</i></p><p><i><b>investigate how, what, etc… </b><br>The research investigates how foreign speakers gain fluency.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: investigation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc<p><i>a criminal/murder/police investigation</i></p><p><i>She is still under investigation .</i></p><p><i><b>investigation into something </b><br>The police have completed their investigations into the accident.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>investigation (into something) a scientific or academic examination of the facts of a subject or problem Synonym   enquiry<p><i>an investigation into the spending habits of teenagers</i></p></li></ul>

Word: investigative

Meaning: <ul><li>( investigatory )   usually before noun   involving examining an event or a situation to find out the truth<p><i>The article was an excellent piece of investigative journalism .</i></p><p><i>The police have full investigatory powers.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: investigator

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who examines a situation such as an accident or a crime to find out the truth<p><i>air safety investigators</i></p><p><i>a private investigator (= a detective  )</i></p></li></ul>

Word: job

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>work for which you receive regular payment<p><i>He’s trying to get a job .</i></p><p><i>She took a job  as a waitress.</i></p><p><i>His brother’s just lost his job .</i></p><p><i>a summer/holiday/Saturday/vacation job</i></p><p><i>a temporary/permanent job</i></p><p><i>I’m thinking of applying for a  new job .</i></p><p><i>The takeover of the company is bound to mean more job losses .</i></p><p><i>Many women are in part-time jobs .</i></p><p><i>Did they offer you the job ?</i></p><p><i>He certainly knows his job (= is very good at his job) .</i></p><p><i>I’m only doing my job (= I’m doing what I am paid to do) .</i></p><p><i>He’s been out of a job (= unemployed)  for six months now.</i></p><p><i>She’s never had a steady job (= a job that is not going to end suddenly) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a particular task or piece of work that you have to do see also  blow job  ,  nose job   ,<p><i>I’ve got various jobs around the house to do.</i></p><p><i>Sorting these papers out is going to be a long job.</i></p><p><i>The builder has a couple of jobs on at the moment.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually singular   ( )  a responsibility or duty<p><i>It’s not my job to lock up!</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a crime, especially stealing<p><i>a bank job</i></p><p><i>He got six months for that last job he did.</i></p><p><i>an inside job (= done by somebody in the organization where the crime happens)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a particular kind of thing<p><i>It’s real wood—not one of those plastic jobs.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an item of work which is done by a computer as a single unit<p><i>The job can be processed overnight.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>while doing a particular job<p><i>No sleeping on the job!</i></p><p><i>on-the-job training</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ,  )  having sex</li></ul>

Word: label

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>label something to fix a label on something or write information on something<p><i>We carefully labelled each item with the contents and the date.</i></p><p><i>The file was labelled ‘Private’.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to describe somebody/something in a particular way, especially unfairly<p><i><b>label somebody/something (as) something </b><br>He was labelled (as) a traitor by his former colleagues.</i></p><p><i><b>label somebody/something + adjective </b><br>It is unfair to label a small baby as naughty.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: mechanism

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a set of moving parts in a machine that performs a task<p><i>a delicate watch mechanism</i></p><p><i>The mechanism for locking the door of the washing machine is childproof.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a method or a system for achieving something<p><i>mechanisms for dealing with complaints from the general public</i></p><p><i>The college has established an effective student support mechanism.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a system of parts in a living thing that together perform a particular function<p><i>the balance mechanism in the ears</i></p><p><i>Pain acts as a natural defence mechanism .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: multidimensional

Meaning: <ul><li>having several dimensions  (= measurements in space)<p><i>multidimensional space</i></p></li></ul>

Word: obvious

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>obvious (to somebody) (that…) easy to see or understand Synonym   clear<p><i>It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.</i></p><p><i>It’s obvious from what she said that something is wrong.</i></p><p><i>I know you don’t like her but try not to make it so obvious.</i></p><p><i>He agreed with obvious pleasure.</i></p><p><i>For obvious reasons , I’d prefer not to give my name.</i></p><p><i>The reasons for this decision were not immediately obvious .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>that most people would think of or agree to<p><i>She was the obvious choice for the job.</i></p><p><i>There’s no obvious solution to the problem.</i></p><p><i>This seemed the most obvious thing to do.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  not interesting, new or showing imagination; unnecessary because it is clear to everyone<p><i>The ending was pretty obvious.</i></p><p><i>I may be stating the obvious  but without more money the project cannot survive.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: obviously

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>used when giving information that you expect other people to know already or agree with Synonym   clearly<p><i>Obviously, we don’t want to spend too much money.</i></p><p><i>Diet and exercise are obviously important.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used to say that a particular situation or fact is easy to see or understand<p><i>He was obviously drunk.</i></p><p><i>They’re obviously not coming.</i></p><p><i>‘I didn’t realise it was a formal occasion.’ ‘Obviously!’ (= I can see by the way you are dressed)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: occupancy

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( ) the act of living in or using a building, room, piece of land, etc<p><i>Prices are based on full occupancy of an apartment.</i></p><p><i>to be in sole occupancy</i></p><p><i>Hotel occupancy rates  dropped dramatically when war threatened.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: occupant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who lives or works in a particular house, room, building, etc<p><i>All outstanding bills will be paid by the previous occupants.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who is in a vehicle, seat, etc. at a particular time<p><i>The car was badly damaged but the occupants were unhurt.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: occupation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a job or profession<p><i>Please state your name, age and occupation below.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the way in which you spend your time, especially when you are not working<p><i>Her main occupation seems to be shopping.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of moving into a country, town, etc. and taking control of it using military force; the period of time during which a country, town, etc. is controlled in this way<p><i>the Roman occupation of Britain</i></p><p><i>The zones under occupation  contained major industrial areas.</i></p><p><i>occupation forces</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the act of living in or using a building, room, piece of land, etc<p><i>The offices will be ready for occupation in June.</i></p><p><i>The following applies only to tenants in occupation after January     0.</i></p><p><i>The level of owner occupation (= people owning their homes)  has increased rapidly in the last   years.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: occupational

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   connected with a person’s job or profession<p><i>occupational health</i></p><p><i>an occupational risk/hazard</i></p><p><i>an occupational pension scheme</i></p><p><i>occupationally induced disease</i></p></li></ul>

Word: occupied

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   being used by somebody see also  owner-occupied<p><i>Only half of the rooms are occupied at the moment.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   busy<p><i><b>occupied (doing something/in doing something/in something) </b><br>He’s fully occupied looking after three small children.</i></p><p><i><b>occupied (with something/with doing something) </b><br>Only half her time is occupied with politics.</i></p><p><i>The most important thing is to keep yourself occupied .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a country, etc. )  controlled by people from another country, etc, using military force<p><i>He spent his childhood in occupied Europe.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: occupier

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>occupier (of something) ( )  a person who lives in or uses a building, room, piece of land, etc. Synonym   occupant    see also  owner-occupier<p><i>The letter was addressed to the occupier of the house.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually plural   a member of an army that is occupying a foreign country, etc.</li></ul>

Word: occupy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>occupy something to fill or use a space, an area or an amount of time Synonym   take up<p><i>The bed seemed to occupy most of the room.</i></p><p><i>How much memory does the program occupy?</i></p><p><i>Administrative work occupies half of my time.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>occupy something ( )  to live or work in a room, house or building<p><i>He occupies an office on the   th floor.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>occupy something to enter a place in a large group and take control of it, especially by military force<p><i>The capital has been occupied by the rebel army.</i></p><p><i>Protesting students occupied the TV station.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to fill your time or keep you busy doing something<p><i><b>occupy somebody/something/yourself </b><br>a game that will occupy the kids for hours</i></p><p><i>Problems at work continued to occupy his mind  for some time.</i></p><p><i><b>occupy somebody/something/yourself with somebody/something </b><br>She occupied herself with routine office tasks.</i></p><p><i><b>occupy somebody/something/yourself (in) doing something </b><br>She occupied herself doing routine office tasks.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>occupy something to have an official job or position Synonym   hold<p><i>The president occupies the position for four years.</i></p><p><i>jobs that have traditionally been occupied by men</i></p></li></ul>

Word: option

Meaning: <ul><li>option something to buy or sell the right to own or use something, at some time in the future<p><i>The novel has been optioned for the screen by his production company.</i></p><p><i>We’ve optioned all her books, including future ones.</i></p><p><i>This is his first script to be optioned by a film company.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: optional

Meaning: <ul><li>that you can choose to do or have if you want to<p><i>Certain courses are compulsory; others are optional.</i></p><p><i>This model comes with a number of optional extras (= things you can choose to have but which you will have to pay extra for) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: output

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  output something ( computing )  to supply or produce information, results, etc compare  input<p><i>Computers can now output data much more quickly.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: parallel

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>parallel something to be similar to something; to happen at the same time as something<p><i>Their legal system parallels our own.</i></p><p><i>The rise in unemployment is paralleled by an increase in petty crime.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>parallel something to be as good as something Synonym   equal    compare  unparalleled<p><i>a level of achievement that has never been paralleled</i></p></li></ul>

Word: parallel

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a person, a situation, an event, etc. that is very similar to another, especially one in a different place or time Synonym   equivalent<p><i>These ideas have parallels in Freud’s thought too.</i></p><p><i>This is an achievement without parallel  in modern times.</i></p><p><i>This tradition has no parallel  in our culture.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   similar features<p><i>There are interesting parallels between the      and the late     .</i></p><p><i>It is possible to draw a parallel between (= find similar features in)  their experience and ours.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( parallel of latitude )   countable   an imaginary line around the earth that is always the same distance from the equator ; this line on a map<p><i>the   th parallel</i></p></li></ul>

Word: parameter

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually plural   ( ) something that decides or limits the way in which something can be done<p><i>to set/define the parameters</i></p><p><i>We had to work within the parameters that had already been established.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: phase

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   phase something to arrange to do something gradually in stages over a period of time to introduce or start using something gradually in stages over a period of time to stop using something gradually in stages over a period of time<p><i>the phased withdrawal of troops from the area</i></p><p><i>Closure of the hospitals was phased over a three-year period.</i></p><p><i>The new tax will be phased in over two years.</i></p><p><i>Subsidies to farmers will be phased out by next year.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: predict

Meaning: <ul><li>  to say that something will happen in the future Synonym   forecast<p><i><b>predict something </b><br>a reliable method of predicting earthquakes</i></p><p><i>Nobody could predict the outcome.</i></p><p><i>The party is predicting a majority of   seats.</i></p><p><i><b>predict what, whether, etc… </b><br>It is impossible to predict what will happen.</i></p><p><i><b>predict (that)… </b><br>She predicted (that) the election result would be close.</i></p><p><i>He predicted (that) it would be a smash hit.</i></p><p><i><b>it is predicted that… </b><br>It was predicted that inflation would continue to fall.</i></p><p><i><b>somebody/something is predicted to do something </b><br>The trial is predicted to last for months.</i></p><p><i>This figure is predicted to rise to one billion by the year    .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: predictable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>if something is predictable , you know in advance that it will happen or what it will be like<p><i>a predictable result</i></p><p><i>The ending of the book was entirely predictable.</i></p><p><i>The disease follows a highly predictable pattern.</i></p><p><i>In March and April, the weather is much less predictable.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  behaving or happening in a way that you would expect and therefore boring<p><i>He’s very nice, but I find him rather dull and predictable.</i></p><p><i>Rock music is getting so predictable these days.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: prediction

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   a statement that says what you think will happen; the act of making such a statement<p><i>Not many people agree with the government’s prediction that the economy will improve.</i></p><p><i>The results of the experiment confirmed our predictions.</i></p><p><i>Skilled readers make use of context and prediction.</i></p><p><i>It’s difficult to make accurate predictions about the effects on the environment.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: principally

Meaning: <ul><li>mainly Synonym   chiefly<p><i>The book is aimed principally at beginners.</i></p><p><i>No new power stations have been built, principally because of the cost.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: prior

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who is in charge of a group of monks  or nuns  living in a priory</li><li><b> . </b>(in an abbey  ) a person next in rank below an abbot  or abbess</li></ul>

Word: professional

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who does a job that needs special training and a high level of education<p><i>the terms that doctors and other health professionals use</i></p><p><i>You need a professional to sort out your finances.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( pro ) a person who does a sport or other activity as a paid job rather than as a hobby Opposite   amateur<p><i>a top golf professional</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( pro ) a person who has a lot of skill and experience Opposite   amateur<p><i>This was clearly a job for a real professional.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: professionalism

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the high standard that you expect from a person who is well trained in a particular job<p><i>We were impressed by the professionalism of the staff.</i></p><p><i>Their duties were carried out with commitment and professionalism.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>great skill and ability<p><i>the power and professionalism of her performance</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the practice of using professional players in sport<p><i>Increased professionalism has changed the game radically.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: professionally

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in a way that is connected with a person’s job or training<p><i>You need a complete change, both professionally and personally.</i></p><p><i>Professionally qualified staff will give you the advice you need.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that shows skill and experience<p><i>The product has been marketed very professionally.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>by a person who has the right skills and qualifications<p><i>The burglar alarm should be professionally installed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>as a paid job, not as a hobby<p><i>After the injury, he never played professionally again.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: project

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  usually passive   project something to plan an activity, a project etc. for a time in the future<p><i>The next edition of the book is projected for publication in March.</i></p><p><i>The projected housing development will go ahead next year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  usually passive   to estimate what the size, cost or amount of something will be in the future based on what is happening now Synonym   forecast    Help <p><i><b>project something </b><br>A growth rate of  % is projected for next year.</i></p><p><i><b>project something to do something </b><br>The unemployment rate has been projected to fall.</i></p><p><i><b>it is projected that… </b><br>It is projected that the unemployment rate will fall.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   project something (on/onto something) to make light, an image, etc. fall onto a flat surface or screen<p><i>Images are projected onto the retina of the eye.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   + adverb/preposition to stick out beyond an edge or a surface Synonym   protrude<p><i>a building with balconies projecting out over the street</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to present somebody/something/yourself to other people in a particular way, especially one that gives a good impression<p><i><b>project something </b><br>They sought advice on how to project a more positive image of their company.</i></p><p><i>She projects an air of calm self-confidence.</i></p><p><i><b>project somebody/something/yourself (as somebody/something) </b><br>He projected himself as a man worth listening to.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   project something/somebody (+ adverb/preposition) to send or throw something up or away from yourself<p><i>Actors must learn to project their voices.</i></p><p><i>the powerful men who would project him into the White House</i></p></li></ul>

Word: projection

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   an estimate or a statement of what figures, amounts, or events will be in the future, or what they were in the past, based on what is happening now<p><i>to make forward/backward projections  of population figures</i></p><p><i>Sales have exceeded our projections.</i></p><p><i>Calculations are based on a projection of existing trends.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of putting an image of something onto a surface; an image that is shown in this way<p><i>the projection of three-dimensional images on a computer screen</i></p><p><i>laser projections</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( technical )  a solid shape or object as represented on a flat surface<p><i>map projections</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that sticks out from a surface<p><i>tiny projections on the cell</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of making your voice, a sound, etc. audible  (= able to be heard)  at a distance<p><i>voice projection</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of imagining that somebody else is thinking the same as you and is reacting in the same way</li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the act of giving a form and structure to inner thoughts and feelings<p><i>The idea of God is a projection of humans’ need to have something greater than themselves.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: promote

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>promote something to help something to happen or develop Synonym   encourage<p><i>policies to promote economic growth</i></p><p><i>a campaign to promote awareness of environmental issues</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to help sell a product, service, etc. or make it more popular by advertising it or offering it at a special price<p><i><b>promote something </b><br>The band has gone on tour to promote their new album.</i></p><p><i><b>promote something as something </b><br>The area is being promoted as a tourist destination.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   to move somebody to a higher rank or more senior job Opposite   demote<p><i><b>promote somebody </b><br>She worked hard and was soon promoted.</i></p><p><i><b>promote somebody (from something) (to something) </b><br>He has been promoted to sergeant.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>promote something (from something) (to something) to move a sports team from playing with one group of teams to playing in a better group Opposite   relegate<p><i>They were promoted to the First Division last season.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: promoter

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person or company that organizes or provides money for an artistic performance or a sporting event</li><li><b> . </b>promoter of something a person who tries to persuade others about the value or importance of something Synonym   champion<p><i>She became a leading promoter of European integration.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: promotion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   promotion (to something) a move to a more important job or rank in a company or an organization<p><i>Her promotion to Sales Manager took everyone by surprise.</i></p><p><i>The new job is a promotion for him.</i></p><p><i>a job with excellent promotion prospects</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   promotion (to something) a move by a sports team from playing in one group of teams to playing in a better group Opposite   relegation<p><i>the team’s promotion to the First Division</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   activities done in order to increase the sales of a product or service; a set of advertisements for a particular product or service see also  cross-promotion<p><i>Her job is mainly concerned with sales and promotion.</i></p><p><i>We are doing a special promotion of Chilean wines.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   promotion of something ( )  activity that encourages people to believe in the value or importance of something, or that helps something to succeed<p><i>a society for the promotion of religious tolerance</i></p></li></ul>

Word: regime

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a method or system of government, especially one that has not been elected in a fair way<p><i>a fascist/totalitarian/military, etc. regime</i></p><p><i>an oppressive/brutal regime</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a method or system of organizing or managing something<p><i>Our tax regime is one of the most favourable in Europe.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>=  regimen<p><i>a dietary regime</i></p></li></ul>

Word: resolution

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a formal statement of an opinion agreed on by a committee or a council, especially by means of a vote<p><i>to pass/adopt/carry a resolution</i></p><p><i>The UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution calling for a halt to hostilities.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the act of solving or settling a problem, disagreement, etc. Synonym   settlement<p><i>The government is pressing for an early resolution of the dispute.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the quality of being resolute  or determined Synonym   resolve<p><i>The reforms owe a great deal to the resolution of one man.</i></p><p><i>Her resolution never faltered.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   resolution (to do something) a firm decision to do or not to do something<p><i>She made a resolution  to visit her relatives more often.</i></p><p><i>Have you made any New Year’s resolutions (= for example, to give up smoking from   January) ?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the power of a computer screen, printer, etc. to give a clear image, depending on the size of the dots that make up the image<p><i>high-resolution graphics</i></p></li></ul>

Word: resolve

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( )  strong determination to achieve something Synonym   resolution<p><i>The difficulties in her way merely strengthened her resolve.</i></p><p><i>It was a test of his stamina and resolve.</i></p><p><i>She did not weaken in her resolve.</i></p><p><i><b>resolve to do something </b><br>The government reiterated its resolve to uncover the truth.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: retain

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>retain something to keep something; to continue to have something Synonym   preserve<p><i>to retain your independence</i></p><p><i>He struggled to retain control of the situation.</i></p><p><i>The house retains much of its original charm.</i></p><p><i>She retained her tennis title for the third year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>retain something to continue to hold or contain something<p><i>a soil that retains moisture</i></p><p><i>This information is no longer retained within the computer’s main memory.</i></p><p><i>She has a good memory and finds it easy to retain facts.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>retain somebody/something ( law )  if a member of the public retains  somebody such as a lawyer, he or she pays money regularly or in advance so the lawyer, etc. will do work for him or her<p><i>a retaining fee</i></p><p><i>to retain the services of a lawyer</i></p></li></ul>

Word: retainer

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a sum of money that is paid to somebody to make sure they will be available to do work when they are needed<p><i>The agency will pay you a monthly retainer.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a small amount of rent that you pay for a room, etc. when you are not there in order to keep it available for your use<p><i>Check whether full rent or a retainer is required during vacations.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a device that keeps a person’s teeth straight after they have had orthodontic  treatment with braces</li><li><b> . </b>( )  a servant, especially one who has been with a family for a long time</li></ul>

Word: retention

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the action of keeping something rather than losing it or stopping it<p><i>The company needs to improve its training and retention of staff.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the action of keeping liquid, heat, etc. inside something rather than letting it escape<p><i>Eating too much salt can cause fluid retention.</i></p><p><i>the importance of energy conservation and heat retention</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the ability to remember things<p><i>Visual material aids the retention of information.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: retentive

Meaning: <ul><li>( of the memory )  able to store facts and remember things easily see also  retain<p><i>She has an amazingly retentive memory.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: series

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   series of something several events or things of a similar kind that happen one after the other<p><i>The incident sparked off a whole series of events  that nobody had foreseen.</i></p><p><i>the latest in a series of articles on the nature of modern society</i></p><p><i>The movie consisted of a series of flashbacks.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a set of radio or television programmes that deal with the same subject or that have the same characters<p><i>The first episode of the new series is on Saturday.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( sport )  a set of sports games played between the same two teams<p><i>the World Series (= in baseball  )</i></p><p><i>England have lost the Test series (= of cricket  matches)  against India.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( technical )  an electrical circuit  in which the current passes through all the parts in the correct order<p><i>batteries connected in series</i></p><p><i>a series circuit</i></p></li></ul>

Word: statistic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( stats )   plural   a collection of information shown in numbers see also  vital statistics<p><i>crime/unemployment, etc. statistics</i></p><p><i>According to official statistics the disease killed over  0 people.</i></p><p><i>Statistics show  that far more people are able to ride a bicycle than can drive a car.</i></p><p><i>These statistics are misleading.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( stats )   uncountable   the science of collecting and analysing statistics<p><i>There is a compulsory course in statistics.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( stat )   countable   a piece of information shown in numbers<p><i>An important statistic is that    per cent of crime relates to property.</i></p><p><i>I felt I was no longer being treated as a person but as a statistic.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: statistician

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who studies or works with statistics</li></ul>

Word: status

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the legal position of a person, group or country<p><i>They were granted refugee status.</i></p><p><i>The party was denied legal status.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   the social or professional position of somebody/something in relation to others<p><i>low status jobs</i></p><p><i>to have a high social status</i></p><p><i>Women are only asking to be given equal status with men.</i></p><p><i>She achieved celebrity status overnight.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   high rank or social position<p><i>The job brings with it status and a high income.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   the level of importance that is given to something<p><i>the high status accorded to science in our culture</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the situation at a particular time during a process<p><i>What is the current status of our application for funds?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stress

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to emphasize a fact, an idea, etc<p><i><b>stress something </b><br>He stressed the importance of a good education.</i></p><p><i><b>stress that… </b><br>I must stress that everything I’ve told you is strictly confidential.</i></p><p><i><b>+ speech </b><br>‘There is,’ Johnson stressed, ‘no real alternative.’</i></p><p><i><b>it is stressed that… </b><br>It must be stressed that this disease is very rare.</i></p><p><i><b>stress how, what, etc… </b><br>I cannot stress too much how important this is.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   stress something to give extra force to a word or syllable when saying it<p><i>You stress the first syllable in ‘happiness’.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to become or make somebody become too anxious or tired to be able to relax<p><i><b>stress out </b><br>I try not to stress out when things go wrong.</i></p><p><i><b>stress somebody (out) </b><br>Driving in cities really stresses me (out).</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stressed

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( stressed out )   not before noun   too anxious and tired to be able to relax<p><i>He was feeling very stressed and tired.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a syllable )  pronounced with emphasis Opposite   unstressed</li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   ( technical )  that has had a lot of physical pressure put on it<p><i>stressed metal</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stressful

Meaning: <ul><li>causing a lot of anxiety and worry<p><i>a stressful job</i></p><p><i>It was a stressful time for all of us.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: subsequent

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) happening or coming after something else Opposite   previous<p><i>subsequent generations</i></p><p><i>Subsequent events confirmed our doubts.</i></p><p><i>Developments on this issue will be dealt with in a subsequent report.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: subsequently

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) afterwards; later; after something else has happened<p><i>The original interview notes were subsequently lost.</i></p><p><i>Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees.</i></p><p><i>He subsequently became chairman of the party.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sum

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to state the main points of something in a short and clear form Synonym   summarize<p><i>To sum up , there are three main ways of tackling the problem…</i></p><p><i><b>sum up what… </b><br>Can I just sum up what we’ve agreed so far?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a judge )  to give a summary of the main facts and arguments in a legal case, near the end of a trial related noun  summing-up</li><li><b> . </b>to describe or show the most typical characteristics of somebody/something, especially in a few words<p><i>Totally lazy—that just about sums him up.</i></p><p><i>For me, the novel summed up the major problems of human existence.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to form or express an opinion of somebody/something Synonym   size up    related noun  summing-up<p><i>She quickly summed up the situation and took control.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: summary

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  giving only the main points of something, not the details<p><i>a summary financial statement</i></p><p><i>I made a summary report for the records.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  done immediately, without paying attention to the normal process that should be followed<p><i>summary justice/execution</i></p><p><i>a summary judgement</i></p></li></ul>

Word: summarize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )       transitive ,  intransitive   summarize (something) to give a summary of something (= a statement of the main points)<p><i>The results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: summation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually singular   ( )  a summary of what has been done or said<p><i>What he said was a fair summation of the discussion.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a collection of different parts that forms a complete account or impression of somebody/something<p><i>The exhibition presents a summation of the artist’s career.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ,  law )  a final speech that a lawyer makes near the end of a trial in court, after all the evidence has been given</li></ul>

Word: sum

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   sum (of something) an amount of money see also  lump sum<p><i>You will be fined the sum of £ 00.</i></p><p><i>a large sum of money</i></p><p><i>a six-figure sum</i></p><p><i>Huge sums have been invested in this project.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   sum (of something) the number you get when you add two or more numbers together<p><i>The sum of   and    is   .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( sum total )   singular   the sum of something all of something, especially when you think that it is not very much<p><i>This is the sum of my achievements so far.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a simple problem that involves calculating numbers<p><i>to do a sum  in your head</i></p><p><i>I was good at sums at school.</i></p><p><i>If I’ve got my sums right, I should be able to afford the rent.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uncommunicative

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) ( of a person )  not willing to talk to other people or give opinions Synonym   taciturn    Opposite   communicative</li></ul>

Word: undertake

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>undertake something to make yourself responsible for something and start doing it<p><i>to undertake a task/project</i></p><p><i>University professors both teach and undertake research .</i></p><p><i>The company has announced that it will undertake a full investigation into the accident.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>undertake to do something |  undertake that… to agree or promise that you will do something<p><i>He undertook to finish the job by Friday.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: undertaking

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a task or project, especially one that is important and/or difficult Synonym   venture<p><i>He is interested in buying the club as a commercial undertaking.</i></p><p><i>In those days, the trip across country was a dangerous undertaking.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  an agreement or a promise to do something<p><i><b>undertaking (to do something) </b><br>a government undertaking to spend more on education</i></p><p><i><b>undertaking (that…) </b><br>The landlord gave a written undertaking that the repairs would be carried out.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the business of an undertaker</li></ul>

Word: undertook

Meaning: <ul><li>past tense  of  undertake</li></ul>

Word: unparalleled

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) used to emphasize that something is bigger, better or worse than anything else like it Synonym   unequalled    compare  parallel   v.<p><i>It was an unparalleled opportunity to develop her career.</i></p><p><i>The book has enjoyed a success unparalleled in recent publishing history.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unpredictable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that cannot be predicted because it changes a lot or depends on too many different things<p><i>unpredictable weather</i></p><p><i>The result is entirely unpredictable.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>if a person is unpredictable , you cannot predict how they will behave in a particular situation Opposite   predictable</li></ul>

Word: unresolved

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) ( of a problem or question )  not yet solved or answered; not having been resolved</li></ul>

Word: unstressed

Meaning: <ul><li>( phonetics ) ( of a syllable )  pronounced without emphasis Opposite   stressed</li></ul>

Word: academia

Meaning: <ul><li>( academe )   uncountable   the world of learning, teaching, research, etc. at universities, and the people involved in it<p><i>leading figures from academia and industry</i></p></li></ul>

Word: academic

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who teaches and/or does research at a university or college</li></ul>

Word: academic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with education, especially studying in schools and universities<p><i>The students return in October for the start of the new academic year.</i></p><p><i>high/low academic standards</i></p><p><i>an academic career</i></p><p><i>The enrolment criteria are geographical rather than academic.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   involving a lot of reading and studying rather than practical or technical skills<p><i>academic subjects/qualifications</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>good at subjects involving a lot of reading and studying<p><i>She wasn’t very academic and hated school.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not connected to a real or practical situation and therefore not important<p><i>It is a purely academic question.</i></p><p><i>The whole thing’s academic now—we can’t win anyway.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: academy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a school or college for special training<p><i>the Royal Academy of Music</i></p><p><i>a police/military academy</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a type of official organization which aims to encourage and develop art, literature, science, etc<p><i>the Royal Academy of Arts</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a secondary school  in Scotland</li><li><b> . </b>a private school in the US</li><li><b> . </b>a secondary school  in England which has some independence from local authority control</li></ul>

Word: adjust

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to change something slightly to make it more suitable for a new set of conditions or to make it work better<p><i><b>adjust something </b><br>Watch out for sharp bends and adjust your speed accordingly.</i></p><p><i>This button is for adjusting the volume.</i></p><p><i>The brakes need to be adjusted.</i></p><p><i><b>adjust something to something </b><br>Adjust your language to the age of your audience.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to get used to a new situation by changing the way you behave and/or think Synonym   adapt<p><i>They’ll be fine—they just need time to adjust.</i></p><p><i><b>adjust to something </b><br>After a while his eyes adjusted to the dark.</i></p><p><i><b>adjust to doing something </b><br>It took her a while to adjust to living alone.</i></p><p><i>It can be difficult to adjust to being a parent.</i></p><p><i><b>adjust yourself to something </b><br>You’ll quickly adjust yourself to student life.</i></p><p><i>My eyes were still trying to adjust themselves to the strong sunlight.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   adjust something to move something slightly so that it looks neater or feels more comfortable see also  well adjusted<p><i>He smoothed his hair and adjusted his tie.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: adjustment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a small change made to something in order to correct or improve it<p><i>I’ve made a few adjustments to the design.</i></p><p><i>Some adjustment of the lens may be necessary.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a change in the way a person behaves or thinks<p><i>She went through a period of emotional adjustment after her marriage broke up.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: alter

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to become different; to make somebody/something different<p><i>Prices did not alter significantly during  0 .</i></p><p><i>He had altered so much I scarcely recognized him.</i></p><p><i><b>alter somebody/something </b><br>It doesn’t alter the way I feel.</i></p><p><i>Nothing can alter the fact that  we are to blame.</i></p><p><i>The landscape has been radically altered, severely damaging wildlife.</i></p><p><i>This incident altered the whole course of events.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   alter something to make changes to a piece of clothing so that it will fit you better<p><i>We can have the dress altered to fit you.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: alteration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a change to something that makes it different<p><i>major/minor alterations</i></p><p><i>They are making  some alterations to  the house.</i></p><p><i>an alteration in  the baby’s heartbeat</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of making a change to something<p><i>The dress will not need much alteration.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: alternate

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  a person who does a job for somebody who is away</li></ul>

Word: alternate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of two things )  happening or following one after the other regularly<p><i>alternate layers of fruit and cream</i></p><p><i>Stretch up   times with alternate arms as a warm-up exercise.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>if something happens on alternate  days, nights, etc. it happens on one day, etc. but not on the next<p><i>John has to work on alternate Sundays.</i></p><p><i>The ferry service will initially run on alternate days, increasing eventually to daily sailings.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) =  alternative</li></ul>

Word: alternate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to make things or people follow one after the other in a repeated pattern<p><i><b>alternate A and B </b><br>Alternate cubes of meat and slices of red pepper.</i></p><p><i><b>alternate A with B </b><br>Alternate cubes of meat with slices of red pepper.</i></p><p><i>Her music alternates moments of sudden quiet with moments of dramatic intensity.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( of things or people )  to follow one after the other in a repeated pattern<p><i>alternating dark and pale stripes</i></p><p><i><b>alternate with something </b><br>Dark stripes alternate with pale ones.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   alternate between A and B to keep changing from one thing to another and back again<p><i>Her mood alternated between happiness and despair.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: amend

Meaning: <ul><li>amend something to change a law, document, statement, etc. slightly in order to correct a mistake or to improve it<p><i>He asked to see the amended version.</i></p><p><i>The law has been amended to read as follows:…</i></p></li></ul>

Word: amendment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a small change or improvement that is made to a law or a document; the process of changing a law or a document<p><i>to introduce/propose/table an amendment (= to suggest it)</i></p><p><i>Parliament passed the bill without further amendment.</i></p><p><i><b>amendment to something </b><br>She made several minor amendments to her essay.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a statement of a change to the Constitution  of the US<p><i>The   th Amendment gave women the right to vote.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: aware

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   knowing or realizing something<p><i>As you’re aware, this is not a new problem.</i></p><p><i>As far as I’m aware , nobody has done anything about it.</i></p><p><i>acutely/painfully (= very) aware</i></p><p><i><b>aware of something </b><br>I don’t think people are really aware of just how much it costs.</i></p><p><i>He was well aware  of the problem.</i></p><p><i>Everybody should be made aware of  the risks involved.</i></p><p><i><b>aware that… </b><br>Were you aware that something was wrong?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   noticing that something is present, or that something is happening<p><i><b>aware of somebody/something </b><br>She slipped away without him being aware of it.</i></p><p><i>They suddenly became aware of people looking at them.</i></p><p><i><b>aware that… </b><br>I was aware that she was trembling.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( used with an adverb )  interested in and knowing about something, and thinking it is important<p><i>Young people are very environmentally aware.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: awareness

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  singular   awareness (of something) |  awareness (that…) knowing something; knowing that something exists and is important; being interested in something<p><i>an awareness of the importance of eating a healthy diet</i></p><p><i>There was an almost complete lack of awareness  of the issues involved.</i></p><p><i>It is important that students develop an awareness of  how the Internet can be used.</i></p><p><i>to raise/heighten/increase  public awareness  of something</i></p><p><i>a greater/a growing/an increasing awareness  of something</i></p><p><i>environmental awareness (= knowing that looking after the environment is important)</i></p><p><i>Energy Awareness Week</i></p><p><i>There seems to be a general awareness that this is not the solution.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: capacity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   the number of things or people that a container or space can hold<p><i>The theatre has a seating capacity of  000.</i></p><p><i>a fuel tank with a capacity of   litres</i></p><p><i>The hall was filled to capacity (= was completely full) .</i></p><p><i>They played to a capacity crowd (= one that filled all the space or seats) .</i></p><p><i>a hard disk storage capacity of  0 gigabytes</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular ,  uncountable   the ability to understand or to do something<p><i>intellectual capacity</i></p><p><i><b>capacity for something </b><br>She has an enormous capacity for hard work.</i></p><p><i><b>capacity for doing something </b><br>Limited resources are restricting our capacity for developing new products.</i></p><p><i><b>capacity to do something </b><br>your capacity to enjoy life</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   the official position or function that somebody has Synonym   role<p><i>acting in her capacity as  manager</i></p><p><i>We are simply involved in an advisory capacity  on the project.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular ,  uncountable   the quantity that a factory, machine, etc. can produce<p><i>The factory is working at full capacity.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the size or power of a piece of equipment, especially the engine of a vehicle<p><i>an engine with a capacity of   0 cc</i></p></li></ul>

Word: challenge

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>challenge something to question whether a statement or an action is right, legal, etc; to refuse to accept something Synonym   dispute<p><i>The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court.</i></p><p><i>She does not like anyone challenging her authority.</i></p><p><i>This discovery challenges traditional beliefs.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to invite somebody to enter a competition, fight, etc; to suggest strongly that somebody should do something (especially when you think that they might be unwilling to do it)<p><i><b>challenge somebody (to something) </b><br>Mike challenged me to a game of chess.</i></p><p><i><b>challenge somebody to do something </b><br>The opposition leader challenged the prime minister to call an election.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>challenge somebody to test somebody’s ability and skills, especially in an interesting way<p><i>The job doesn’t really challenge her.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>challenge somebody to order somebody to stop and say who they are or what they are doing<p><i>We were challenged by police at the border.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: challenged

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) ( used with an adverb )  a polite way of referring to somebody who has a disability  of some sort<p><i>a competition for physically challenged athletes</i></p><p><i>I’m financially challenged at the moment (= I have no money) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: challenger

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who competes with somebody else in sport or in politics for an important position that the other person already holds<p><i>the official challenger for the world championship title</i></p></li></ul>

Word: challenging

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>difficult in an interesting way that tests your ability<p><i>challenging work/questions/problems</i></p><p><i>a challenging and rewarding career as a teacher</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>done in a way that invites people to disagree or argue with you, or shows that you disagree with them<p><i>She gave him a challenging look. ‘Are you really sure?’ she demanded.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: clause

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( grammar )  a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a sentence or part of a sentence<p><i>In the sentence ‘They often go to Italy because they love the food’, ‘They often go to Italy’ is the main clause and ‘because they love the food’ is a subordinate clause.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an item in a legal document that says that a particular thing must or must not be done<p><i>There is a clause in the contract forbidding tenants to sublet.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: compound

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  often passive   compound something to make something bad become even worse by causing further damage or problems<p><i>The problems were compounded by severe food shortages.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  to be formed from something<p><i>The DNA molecule is compounded from many smaller molecules.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   compound something (with something) ( technical )  to mix something together<p><i>liquid soaps compounded with disinfectant</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>compound something ( finance )  to pay or charge interest on an amount of money that includes any interest already earned or charged</li></ul>

Word: conflict

Meaning: <ul><li>    intransitive   conflict (with something) if two ideas, beliefs, stories, etc.conflict , it is not possible for them to exist together or for them both to be true Synonym   clash<p><i>conflicting emotions/interests/loyalties</i></p><p><i>These results conflict with earlier findings.</i></p><p><i>Reports conflicted on how much of the aid was reaching the famine victims.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consult

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to go to somebody for information or advice<p><i><b>consult somebody </b><br>If the pain continues, consult your doctor.</i></p><p><i><b>consult somebody about something </b><br>Have you consulted your lawyer about this?</i></p><p><i>a consulting engineer (= one who has expert knowledge and gives advice)</i></p><p><i><b>consult with somebody (about/on something) </b><br>Consult with your physician about possible treatments.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to discuss something with somebody to get their permission for something, or to help you make a decision<p><i><b>consult somebody </b><br>You shouldn’t have done it without consulting me.</i></p><p><i><b>consult somebody about/on something </b><br>I expect to be consulted about major issues.</i></p><p><i><b>consult with somebody (about/on something) </b><br>I need to consult with my colleagues on the proposals.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   consult something to look in or at something to get information Synonym   refer to<p><i>He consulted the manual.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consultancy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a company that gives expert advice on a particular subject to other companies or organizations<p><i>a management/design/computer, etc. consultancy</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   expert advice that a company or person is paid to provide on a particular subject<p><i>consultancy fees</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consultant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is employed to give advice about it to other people<p><i>a firm of management consultants</i></p><p><i><b>consultant on something </b><br>the President’s consultant on economic affairs</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a hospital doctor of the highest rank who is a specialist in a particular area of medicine compare  registrar<p><i>a consultant in obstetrics</i></p><p><i>a consultant surgeon</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consultation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of discussing something with somebody or with a group of people before making a decision about it<p><i>a consultation document/paper/period/process</i></p><p><i>acting in consultation with  all the departments involved</i></p><p><i>The decision was taken after close consultation with local residents.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a formal meeting to discuss something<p><i>extensive consultations between the two countries</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a meeting with an expert, especially a doctor, to get advice or treatment<p><i>A  0-minute consultation will cost £ 0.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of looking for information in a book, etc<p><i>There is a large collection of texts available for consultation on-screen.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: consultative

Meaning: <ul><li>giving advice or making suggestions Synonym   advisory<p><i>a consultative committee/body/document</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contact

Meaning: <ul><li>  contact somebody to communicate with somebody, for example by telephone or letter<p><i>I’ve been trying to contact you all day.</i></p><p><i>Witnesses to the accident are asked to contact the police.</i></p><p><i>I’ll be contactable on this number:…</i></p></li></ul>

Word: decline

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( )  to become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc<p><i>Support for the party continues to decline.</i></p><p><i>The number of tourists to the resort declined by  0% last year.</i></p><p><i>Her health was declining rapidly.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to refuse politely to accept or to do something Synonym   refuse<p><i>I offered to give them a lift but they declined.</i></p><p><i><b>decline something </b><br>to decline an offer/invitation</i></p><p><i>She declined a second glass of wine and called for a taxi.</i></p><p><i><b>decline to do something </b><br>Their spokesman declined to comment on the allegations.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   decline (something) ( grammar )  if a noun, an adjective or a pronoun declines , it has different forms according to whether it is the subject or the object of a verb, whether it is in the singular or plural, etc. When you decline  a noun, etc, you list these forms.</li></ul>

Word: discrete

Meaning: <ul><li>( technical ) independent of other things of the same type Synonym   separate      uncountable  <p><i>The organisms can be divided into discrete categories.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: discretion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the freedom or power to decide what should be done in a particular situation<p><i>I’ll leave it up to you to use your discretion .</i></p><p><i>How much to tell terminally ill patients is left to the discretion of  the doctor.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>care in what you say or do, in order to keep something secret or to avoid causing embarrassment to or difficulty for somebody; the quality of being discreet  compare  indiscretion<p><i>This is confidential, but I know that I can rely on your discretion.</i></p><p><i>Jane is the soul of discretion (= you can trust her) .</i></p><p><i>Use the utmost discretion when you talk to her.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: discretionary

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   ( ) decided according to the judgement of a person in authority about what is necessary in each particular situation; not decided by rules<p><i>You may be eligible for a discretionary grant for your university course.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: draft

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>draft something to write the first rough version of something such as a letter, speech or book<p><i>to draft a constitution/contract/bill</i></p><p><i>I’ll draft a letter for you.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>draft somebody + adverb/preposition to choose people and send them somewhere for a special task<p><i>Extra police are being drafted in to control the crowds.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   draft somebody ( ) =  conscript<p><i>They were drafted into the army.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: enable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>enable somebody to do something to make it possible for somebody to do something Synonym   allow<p><i>The software enables you to create your own DVDs.</i></p><p><i>a new programme to enable older people to study at college</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to make it possible for something to happen or exist by creating the necessary conditions Synonym   allow<p><i><b>enable something to do something </b><br>Insulin enables the body to use and store sugar.</i></p><p><i><b>enable something </b><br>a new train line to enable easier access to the stadium</i></p></li></ul>

Word: energetic

Meaning: <ul><li>having or needing a lot of energy and enthusiasm<p><i>He knew I was energetic and dynamic and would get things done.</i></p><p><i>an energetic supporter</i></p><p><i>The heart responds well to energetic exercise.</i></p><p><i>For the more energetic (= people who prefer physical activities) , we offer windsurfing and diving.</i></p><p><i>I think I’d prefer something a little less energetic.</i></p><p><i>He energetically denied the charge.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: energy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the ability to put effort and enthusiasm into an activity, work, etc<p><i>It’s a waste of time and energy.</i></p><p><i>She’s always full of energy .</i></p><p><i>nervous energy (= energy produced by feeling nervous)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   the physical and mental effort that you use to do something<p><i>She put all her energies into her work.</i></p><p><i>creative/destructive energies</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a source of power, such as fuel, used for driving machines, providing heat, etc<p><i>solar/nuclear energy</i></p><p><i>It is important to conserve energy.</i></p><p><i>an energy crisis (= for example when fuel is not freely available)</i></p><p><i>The £ 0 million programme is centred around energy efficiency and renewable power sources.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( physics )  the ability of matter or radiation  to work because of its mass, movement, electric charge, etc<p><i>kinetic/potential, etc. energy</i></p></li></ul>

Word: enforce

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>enforce something (on/against somebody/something) to make sure that people obey a particular law or rule<p><i>It’s the job of the police to enforce the law.</i></p><p><i>The legislation will be difficult to enforce.</i></p><p><i>United Nations troops enforced a ceasefire in the area.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>enforce something (on somebody) to make something happen or force somebody to do something<p><i>You can’t enforce cooperation between the players.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: enforced

Meaning: <ul><li>that somebody is forced to do or experience without being able to control it<p><i>a period of enforced absence</i></p></li></ul>

Word: entity

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) something that exists separately from other things and has its own identity<p><i>The unit has become part of a larger department and no longer exists as a separate entity .</i></p><p><i>These countries can no longer be viewed as a single entity .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: equivalent

Meaning: <ul><li>  equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc   uncountable   : ( )<p><i>   grams or an equivalent amount in ounces</i></p><p><i><b>equivalent to something </b><br>Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles.</i></p><p><i>The new regulation was seen as equivalent to censorship.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: equivalent

Meaning: <ul><li>  a thing, amount, word, etc. that is equivalent to something else<p><i>Send €  or the equivalent in your own currency.</i></p><p><i><b>equivalent of/to something </b><br>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the human equivalent of BSE</i></p><p><i>Is there a French word that is the exact equivalent of the English word ‘home’?</i></p><p><i>Breathing such polluted air is the equivalent of (= has the same effect as)  smoking ten cigarettes a day.</i></p><p><i>The German ‘Gymnasium’ is the closest equivalent to the grammar school in England.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: evolution

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( biology )  the gradual development of plants, animals, etc. over many years as they adapt to changes in their environment<p><i>the evolution of the human species</i></p><p><i>Darwin’s theory of evolution</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the gradual development of something<p><i>In politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution (= gradual development to sudden violent change) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: evolutionary

Meaning: <ul><li>connected with evolution ; connected with gradual development and change<p><i>evolutionary theory</i></p><p><i>evolutionary change</i></p></li></ul>

Word: evolutionist

Meaning: <ul><li>relating to the theories of evolution  and natural selection</li></ul>

Word: evolve

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop something in this way<p><i><b>evolve (from something) (into something) </b><br>The idea evolved from a drawing I discovered in the attic.</i></p><p><i>The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.</i></p><p><i><b>evolve something (from something) </b><br>Each school must evolve its own way of working.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( biology ) ( of plants, animals, etc. )  to develop over time, often many generations, into forms that are better adapted to survive changes in their environment<p><i><b>evolve (from something) </b><br>The three species evolved from a single ancestor.</i></p><p><i><b>evolve something </b><br>The dolphin has evolved a highly developed jaw.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: expand

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to become greater in size, number or importance; to make something greater in size, number or importance Opposite   contract<p><i>Metals expand when they are heated.</i></p><p><i>Student numbers are expanding rapidly.</i></p><p><i>A child’s vocabulary expands through reading.</i></p><p><i>The waist expands to fit all sizes.</i></p><p><i><b>expand something </b><br>In breathing the chest muscles expand the rib cage and allow air to be sucked into the lungs.</i></p><p><i>The new system expanded the role of family doctors.</i></p><p><i>There are no plans to expand the local airport.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   if a business expands  or is expanded , new branches are opened, it makes more money, etc<p><i>an expanding economy (= with more businesses starting and growing)</i></p><p><i><b>expand something </b><br>We’ve expanded the business by opening two more stores.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to talk more; to add details to what you are saying<p><i>I repeated the question and waited for her to expand.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: expansion

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   an act of increasing or making something increase in size, amount or importance<p><i>a period of rapid economic expansion</i></p><p><i>Despite the recession the company is confident of further expansion.</i></p><p><i>The expansion of higher education will continue.</i></p><p><i>The book is an expansion of a series of lectures given last year.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: expansionism

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( ) the belief in and process of increasing the size and importance of something, especially in a country or a business<p><i>the economic expansionism of America</i></p><p><i>military/territorial expansionism</i></p><p><i>expansionist policies</i></p><p><i>He was a ruthless expansionist.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: expansive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>covering a large amount of space<p><i>She opened her arms wide in an expansive gesture of welcome.</i></p><p><i>landscape with expansive skies</i></p><p><i>He waved an expansive arm (= in an expansive  movement).</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>covering a large subject area, rather than trying to be exact and use few words<p><i>We need to look at a more expansive definition of the term.</i></p><p><i>The piece is written in his usual expansive style.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>friendly and willing to talk a lot<p><i>She was clearly relaxed and in an expansive mood.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( especially of a period of time )  encouraging economic expansion<p><i>In the expansive      bright graduates could advance rapidly.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: expose

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to show something that is usually hidden Synonym   reveal<p><i><b>expose something </b><br>He smiled suddenly, exposing a set of amazingly white teeth.</i></p><p><i>Miles of sand are exposed at low tide.</i></p><p><i>My job as a journalist is to expose the truth.</i></p><p><i><b>expose something to somebody </b><br>He did not want to expose his fears and insecurity to anyone.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>expose somebody/something (as something) to tell the true facts about a person or a situation, and show them/it to be immoral, illegal, etc<p><i>She was exposed as a liar and a fraud.</i></p><p><i>He threatened to expose the racism that existed within the police force.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>expose somebody/something/yourself (to something) to put somebody/something in a place or situation where they are not protected from something harmful or unpleasant<p><i>to expose yourself to ridicule</i></p><p><i>Do not expose babies to strong sunlight.</i></p><p><i>The roof collapsed, exposing the timbers to the elements.</i></p><p><i>You could be exposing yourself to unnecessary risks when driving alone.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>expose somebody to something to let somebody find out about something by giving them experience of it or showing them what it is like<p><i>We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.</i></p><p><i>mountain communities that had not been exposed to tourism before</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>expose something to allow light onto the film inside a camera when taking a photograph</li><li><b> . </b>expose yourself a man who exposes  himself, shows his sexual organs in public in a way that is offensive to other people</li></ul>

Word: exposed

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of a place )  not protected from the weather by trees, buildings or high ground<p><i>The cottage is in a very exposed position on the top of a hill.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  not protected from attack or criticism<p><i>She was left feeling exposed and vulnerable.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( finance )  likely to experience financial losses</li></ul>

Word: exposure

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   exposure (to something) the state of being in a place or situation where there is no protection from something harmful or unpleasant<p><i>prolonged exposure to harmful radiation</i></p><p><i>the company’s exposure on the foreign exchange markets (= to the risk of making financial losses)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of having the true facts about somebody/something told after they have been hidden because they are bad, immoral or illegal<p><i>exposure as a liar and a fraud</i></p><p><i>the exposure of illegal currency deals</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the fact of being discussed or mentioned on television, in newspapers, etc. Synonym   publicity<p><i>Her new movie has had a lot of exposure in the media.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a medical condition caused by being out in very cold weather for too long without protection<p><i>Two climbers were brought in suffering from exposure.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a length of film in a camera that is used to take a photograph<p><i>There are three exposures left on this roll of film.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the length of time for which light is allowed to reach the film when taking a photograph<p><i>I used a long exposure for this one.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of showing something that is usually hidden see also  indecent exposure</li></ul>

Word: external

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with or located on the outside of something/somebody<p><i>the external walls of the building</i></p><p><i>The lotion is for external use  only (= only for the skin and must not be swallowed) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>happening or coming from outside a place, an organization, your particular situation, etc<p><i>A combination of internal and external factors caused the company to close down.</i></p><p><i>external pressures on the economy</i></p><p><i>Many external influences can affect your state of mind.</i></p><p><i>The information has come from reliable sources external to the government.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>coming from or arranged by somebody from outside a school, a university or an organization : ( )<p><i>An external auditor will verify the accounts.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with foreign countries<p><i>The government is committed to reducing the country’s external debt.</i></p><p><i>the Minister of State for External Affairs</i></p></li></ul>

Word: externality

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( economics )  a consequence of an industrial or commercial activity which affects other people or things without this being reflected in market prices<p><i>Pollution is a negative externality that imposes a cost—reduced happiness—on the victims.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( philosophy )  the fact of existing outside the person or thing that is aware of it<p><i>man’s externality to an indifferent natural world</i></p></li></ul>

Word: externalize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     externalize something ( )  to show what you are thinking and feeling by what you say or do compare  internalize   ,    uncountable  <p><i>His worries about losing his job were externalized in angry outbursts at home.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: facilitate

Meaning: <ul><li>facilitate something ( )  to make an action or a process possible or easier   uncountable ,  singular  <p><i>The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth.</i></p><p><i>Structured teaching facilitates learning.</i></p><p><i>the facilitation of international communication</i></p></li></ul>

Word: facilitator

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who helps somebody do something more easily by discussing problems, giving advice, etc. rather than telling them what to do<p><i>The teacher acts as a facilitator of learning.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a thing that helps a process take place</li></ul>

Word: facility

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  plural   buildings, services, equipment, etc. that are provided for a particular purpose<p><i>sports/leisure facilities</i></p><p><i>conference facilities</i></p><p><i>shopping/banking/cooking facilities</i></p><p><i>The hotel has special facilities for welcoming disabled people.</i></p><p><i>All rooms have private facilities (= a private bathroom) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a special feature of a machine, service, etc. that makes it possible to do something extra<p><i>a bank account with an overdraft facility</i></p><p><i>a facility for checking spelling</i></p><p><i>This facility allows the user to input text in various forms onto the screen and thus create a true newspaper page.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a place, usually including buildings, used for a particular purpose or activity<p><i>the world’s largest nuclear waste facility</i></p><p><i>a new health care facility</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular ,  uncountable   facility (for something) a natural ability to learn or do something easily<p><i>She has a facility for languages.</i></p><p><i>He plays the piano with surprising facility.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: fundamental

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually plural   a basic rule or principle; an essential part<p><i>the fundamentals of modern physics</i></p><p><i>He taught me the fundamentals of the job.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: fundamentally

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in every way that is important; completely<p><i>The two approaches are fundamentally different.</i></p><p><i>By the      the situation had changed fundamentally.</i></p><p><i>They remained fundamentally opposed to the plan.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used when you are introducing a topic and stating something important about it Synonym   basically<p><i>Fundamentally, there are two different approaches to the problem.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used when you are saying what is the most important thing about somebody/something Synonym   basically<p><i>She is fundamentally a nice person, but she finds it difficult to communicate.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: generate

Meaning: <ul><li>  generate something to produce or create something<p><i>to generate electricity/heat/power</i></p><p><i>to generate income/profit</i></p><p><i>We need someone to generate new ideas.</i></p><p><i>The proposal has generated a lot of interest.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: generation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   all the people who were born at about the same time<p><i>the younger/older generation</i></p><p><i>My generation have grown up without the experience of a world war.</i></p><p><i>I often wonder what future generations  will make of our efforts.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the average time in which children grow up, become adults and have children of their own, (usually considered to be about   years)<p><i>a generation ago</i></p><p><i>My family have lived in this house for generations .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a single stage in the history of a family<p><i>stories passed down from generation to generation</i></p><p><i>a first-/second-generation  American (= a person whose family has lived in America for one/two generations)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a group of people of similar age involved in a particular activity<p><i>She has inspired a whole generation of fashion school graduates.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a stage in the development of a product, usually a technical one<p><i>fifth-generation computing</i></p><p><i>a new generation of  vehicle</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the production of something, especially electricity, heat, etc<p><i>the generation of electricity</i></p><p><i>methods of income generation</i></p></li></ul>

Word: illogical

Meaning: <ul><li>not sensible or thought out in a logical way Opposite   logical      uncountable ,  countable  <p><i>illogical behaviour/arguments</i></p><p><i>She has an illogical fear of insects.</i></p><p><i>She felt illogically happy when she heard the news.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: image

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the impression that a person, an organization or a product, etc. gives to the public<p><i>His public image is very different from the real person.</i></p><p><i>The advertisements are intended to improve the company’s image.</i></p><p><i>Image is very important in the music world.</i></p><p><i>stereotyped images of women in children’s books</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a mental picture that you have of what somebody/something is like or looks like<p><i>images of the past</i></p><p><i>I had a mental image  of what she would look like.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a copy of somebody/something in the form of a picture or statue<p><i>Images of deer and hunters decorate the cave walls.</i></p><p><i>a wooden image of the Hindu god Ganesh</i></p><p><i>In the Bible it states that humans were created in the image of  God.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a picture of somebody/something seen in a mirror, through a camera, or on a television or computer see also  mirror image<p><i>He stared at his own image reflected in the water.</i></p><p><i>Slowly, an image began to appear on the screen.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a word or phrase used with a different meaning from its normal one, in order to describe something in a way that produces a strong picture in the mind<p><i>poetic images of the countryside</i></p></li></ul>

Word: imagery

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>language that produces pictures in the minds of people reading or listening see also  metaphor<p><i>poetic imagery</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  pictures, photographs, etc<p><i>satellite imagery (= for example, photographs of the earth taken from space)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: imprecise

Meaning: <ul><li>not giving exact details or making something clear Synonym   inaccurate    Opposite   precise      uncountable  <p><i>an imprecise definition</i></p><p><i>imprecise information</i></p><p><i>The witness’s descriptions were too imprecise to be of any real value.</i></p><p><i>These terms are often used imprecisely and interchangeably.</i></p><p><i>There is considerable imprecision in the terminology used.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incapacitate

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   incapacitate somebody/something ( )  to make somebody/something unable to live or work normally<p><i>He was incapacitated by old age and sickness.</i></p><p><i>mentally incapacitated people</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indiscretion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   an act or remark that is indiscreet , especially one that is not morally acceptable<p><i>youthful indiscretions</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of saying or doing something without thinking about the effect it may have, especially when this embarrasses or offends somebody<p><i>He talked to the press in a moment of indiscretion.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: instability

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the quality of a situation in which things are likely to change or fail suddenly<p><i>political and economic instability</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a mental condition in which somebody’s behaviour is likely to change suddenly<p><i>mental/emotional instability</i></p></li></ul>

Word: liberal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who understands and respects other people’s opinions and behaviour, especially when they are different from their own<p><i>He liked to think of himself as a liberal.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who supports political, social and religious change<p><i>Reform is popular with middle-class liberals.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( politics )  a member of the British Liberal Party in the past, or of a Liberal Party in another country</li></ul>

Word: liberalism

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   liberal  opinions and beliefs, especially in politics</li></ul>

Word: liberalize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     liberalize something to make something such as a law or a political or religious system less strict ,    uncountable  </li></ul>

Word: liberal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>willing to understand and respect other people’s behaviour, opinions, etc, especially when they are different from your own; believing people should be able to choose how they behave<p><i>liberal attitudes/views/opinions</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>wanting or allowing a lot of political and economic freedom and supporting gradual social, political or religious change<p><i>Some politicians want more liberal trade relations with Europe.</i></p><p><i>liberal democracy</i></p><p><i>liberal theories</i></p><p><i>a liberal politician</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with the British Liberal Party in the past, or of a Liberal Party in another country</li><li><b> . </b>liberal (with something) generous; given in large amounts Synonym   lavish<p><i>She is very liberal with her money.</i></p><p><i>I think Sam is too liberal with his criticism (= he criticizes people too much) .</i></p><p><i>Divorced fathers should have liberal access to their children.</i></p><p><i>We ate cake with liberal amounts of whipped cream.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>concerned with increasing somebody’s general knowledge and experience rather than particular skills<p><i>a liberal education</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not completely accurate or exact Synonym   free<p><i>a liberal translation of the text</i></p><p><i>a liberal interpretation  of the law</i></p></li></ul>

Word: liberate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>liberate somebody/something (from somebody/something) to free a country or a person from the control of somebody else<p><i>The city was liberated by the advancing army.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>liberate somebody (from something) to free somebody from something that restricts their enjoyment of life<p><i>Writing poetry liberated her from the routine of everyday life.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: liberated

Meaning: <ul><li>free from the restrictions of traditional ideas about social and sexual behaviour<p><i>a liberated woman</i></p></li></ul>

Word: licence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   an official document that shows that permission has been given to do, own or use something<p><i>a driving licence</i></p><p><i><b>licence (for something) </b><br>a licence for the software</i></p><p><i>Is there a licence fee?</i></p><p><i>James lost his licence for six months (= had his licence taken away by the police as a punishment) .</i></p><p><i><b>licence (to do something) </b><br>You need a licence to fish in this river.</i></p><p><i>a licence holder (= a person who has been given a licence)</i></p><p><i>a site licence for the new software</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   licence (to do something) ( )  freedom to do or say whatever you want, often something bad or unacceptable<p><i>Lack of punishment seems to give youngsters licence to break the law.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  freedom to behave in a way that is considered sexually immoral</li></ul>

Word: license

Meaning: <ul><li>  ( ) =  licence<p><i>a driver’s license</i></p><p><i>a license for the software</i></p><p><i>a license holder (= a person who has been given a license)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: licensed

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  having official permission to sell alcoholic drinks<p><i>a licensed restaurant</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>that you have official permission to own<p><i>Is that gun licensed?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>having official permission to do something<p><i>She is licensed to fly solo.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: logic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a way of thinking or explaining something<p><i>I fail to see the logic behind his argument.</i></p><p><i>The two parts of the plan were governed by the same logic.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   sensible reasons for doing something<p><i>Linking the proposals in a single package did have a certain logic.</i></p><p><i>a strategy based on sound commercial logic</i></p><p><i>There is no logic to/in  any of their claims.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( philosophy )  the science of thinking about or explaining the reason for something using formal methods<p><i>the rules of logic</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( computing )  a system or set of principles used in preparing a computer to perform a particular task</li></ul>

Word: logical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of an action, event, etc. )  seeming natural, reasonable or sensible<p><i>a logical thing to do in the circumstances</i></p><p><i>It was a logical conclusion from the child’s point of view.</i></p><p><i>Each of them having their own room was the logical solution.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>following or able to follow the rules of logic in which ideas or facts are based on other true ideas or facts<p><i>a logical argument</i></p><p><i>Computer programming needs someone with a logical mind.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: logician

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who studies or is skilled in logic</li></ul>

Word: margin

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the empty space at the side of a written or printed page<p><i>the left-hand/right-hand margin</i></p><p><i>a narrow/wide margin</i></p><p><i>notes scribbled in the margin</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually singular   the amount of time, or number of votes, etc. by which somebody wins something<p><i>He won by a narrow margin .</i></p><p><i>She beat the other runners by a margin of  ten seconds.</i></p><p><i>Members voted by a margin of  –  to become a public limited company.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( business ) =  profit margin<p><i>What are your average operating margins?</i></p><p><i>a gross margin of   %</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually singular   an extra amount of something such as time, space, money, etc. that you include in order to make sure that something is successful see also  margin of error<p><i>a safety margin</i></p><p><i>The narrow gateway left me little margin for error  as I reversed the car.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  the extreme edge or limit of a place<p><i>the eastern margin of the Indian Ocean</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually plural   the part that is not included in the main part of a group or situation Synonym   fringe<p><i>people living on the margins  of society</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ,  )  an amount that is added to a basic wage, paid for special skill or responsibility</li></ul>

Word: marginal

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  a seat in a parliament, on a local council, etc. that was won by a very small number of votes<p><i>a Labour marginal</i></p></li></ul>

Word: marginally

Meaning: <ul><li>very slightly; not very much<p><i>They now cost marginally more than they did last year.</i></p><p><i>He’s in a new job but he’s only marginally better off.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: medical

Meaning: <ul><li>( medical examination ) a thorough examination of your body that a doctor does, for example, before you start a particular job see also  exam</li></ul>

Word: medical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with illness and injury and their treatment see also  med<p><i>medical advances/care/research</i></p><p><i>her medical condition/history/records</i></p><p><i>the medical profession</i></p><p><i>a medical student/school</i></p><p><i>a medical certificate (= a statement by a doctor that gives details of your state of health)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with ways of treating illness that do not involve cutting the body<p><i>medical or surgical treatment</i></p></li></ul>

Word: mental

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with or happening in the mind; involving the process of thinking<p><i>the mental process of remembering</i></p><p><i>Do you have a mental picture  of what it will look like?</i></p><p><i>I made a mental note  to talk to her about it.</i></p><p><i>He has a complete mental block (= difficulty in understanding or remembering)  when it comes to physics.</i></p><p><i>The experience caused her huge amounts of mental suffering.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with the state of health of the mind or with the treatment of illnesses of the mind Synonym   psychological    compare  psychiatric<p><i>mental health</i></p><p><i>a mental disorder/illness/hospital</i></p><p><i>She was suffering from physical and mental exhaustion.</i></p><p><i>The analysis of dreams can reveal details of a person’s mental state.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not usually before noun   ( ,  )  crazy<p><i>Watch him. He’s mental.</i></p><p><i>My dad will go mental (= be very angry)  when he finds out.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: mentality

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually singular   the particular attitude or way of thinking of a person or group Synonym   mindset    see also  siege mentality<p><i>I cannot understand the mentality of football hooligans.</i></p><p><i>a criminal/ghetto mentality</i></p></li></ul>

Word: mentally

Meaning: <ul><li>  connected with or happening in the mind<p><i>mentally ill</i></p><p><i>The baby is very mentally alert.</i></p><p><i>Mentally, I began making a list of things I had to do.</i></p><p><i>I felt extremely fit, both physically and mentally.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: modification

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   modification (of/to/in something) the act or process of changing something in order to improve it or make it more acceptable; a change that is made Synonym   adaptation<p><i>Considerable modification of the existing system is needed.</i></p><p><i>It might be necessary to make a few slight modifications to the design.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: modify

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>modify something to change something slightly, especially in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose Synonym   adapt<p><i>The software we use has been modified for us.</i></p><p><i>Patients are taught how to modify their diet.</i></p><p><i>We found it cheaper to modify existing equipment rather than buy new.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>modify something to make something less extreme Synonym   adjust<p><i>to modify  your behaviour/language/views</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>modify something ( grammar )  a word, such as an adjective or adverb, that modifies  another word or group of words describes it or restricts its meaning in some way<p><i>In ‘walk slowly’, the adverb ‘slowly’ modifies the verb ‘walk’.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: monitor

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>monitor something |  monitor what, how, etc… to watch and check something over a period of time in order to see how it develops, so that you can make any necessary changes Synonym   track<p><i>Each student’s progress is closely monitored.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>monitor something to listen to telephone calls, foreign radio broadcasts, etc. in order to find out information that might be useful</li></ul>

Word: network

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   network something ( computing )  to connect a number of computers and other devices together so that equipment and information can be shared<p><i>networked computer systems</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   network something to broadcast a television or radio programme on stations in several different areas at the same time<p><i>nationally networked TV</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to try to meet and talk to people who may be useful to you in your work<p><i>Conferences are a good place to network.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: notion

Meaning: <ul><li>an idea, a belief or an understanding of something<p><i><b>notion (of something) </b><br>a political system based on the notions of equality and liberty</i></p><p><i>She had only a vague notion of what might happen.</i></p><p><i>He has no notion of the difficulty of the problem.</i></p><p><i><b>notion (that…) </b><br>I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: objective

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; considering only facts Synonym   unbiased    Opposite   subjective<p><i>an objective analysis/assessment/report</i></p><p><i>objective criteria</i></p><p><i>I find it difficult to be objective where he’s concerned.</i></p><p><i>These figures give a reliable and objective indicator of changing trends in people’s lifestyles.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( philosophy )  existing outside the mind; based on facts that can be proved Opposite   subjective<p><i>objective reality</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   ( grammar )  the objective  case is the one which is used for the object of a sentence</li></ul>

Word: objective

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>something that you are trying to achieve Synonym   goal<p><i>the main/primary/principal objective</i></p><p><i>to meet/achieve  your objectives</i></p><p><i>You must set realistic aims and objectives  for yourself.</i></p><p><i>The main objective of this meeting is to give more information on our plans.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( objective lens ) ( technical )  the lens  in a telescope  or microscope  that is nearest to the object being looked at</li></ul>

Word: orient

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   orient somebody/something (to/towards somebody/something) to direct somebody/something towards something; to make or adapt somebody/something for a particular purpose<p><i>Our students are oriented towards science subjects.</i></p><p><i>policies oriented to the needs of working mothers</i></p><p><i>We run a commercially oriented operation.</i></p><p><i>profit-orientated organizations</i></p><p><i>Neither of them is politically oriented (= interested in politics) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>orient yourself to find your position in relation to your surroundings<p><i>The mountaineers found it hard to orient themselves in the fog.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>orient yourself to make yourself familiar with a new situation<p><i>It took him some time to orient himself in his new school.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: orientate

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) =  orient</li></ul>

Word: orientation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the type of aims or interests that a person or an organization has; the act of directing your aims towards a particular thing<p><i>The course is essentially theoretical in orientation.</i></p><p><i><b>orientation to/towards something </b><br>Companies have been forced into a greater orientation to the market.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   a person’s basic beliefs or feelings about a particular subject<p><i>religious/political orientation</i></p><p><i>a person’s sexual orientation (= whether they are attracted to men, women or both)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   training or information that you are given before starting a new job, course, etc<p><i>an orientation course</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( technical )  the direction in which an object faces<p><i>The orientation of the planet’s orbit is changing continuously.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: perspective

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a particular attitude towards something; a way of thinking about something Synonym   viewpoint<p><i>a global perspective</i></p><p><i>Recent events seem less serious when put into an international perspective.</i></p><p><i>Try to see the issue from  a different perspective .</i></p><p><i>a report that looks at the education system from the perspective of  deaf people</i></p><p><i><b>perspective on something </b><br>His experience abroad provides a wider perspective on the problem.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way without exaggerating their importance<p><i>She was aware that she was losing all sense of perspective.</i></p><p><i>Try to keep  these issues in perspective .</i></p><p><i>Talking to others can often help to put  your own problems into perspective .</i></p><p><i>It is important not to let things get out of perspective .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the art of creating an effect of depth and distance in a picture by representing people and things that are far away as being smaller than those that are nearer the front<p><i>The artist plays with perspective to confuse the eye.</i></p><p><i>We learnt how to draw buildings in perspective .</i></p><p><i>The tree on the left is out of perspective .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a view, especially one in which you can see far into the distance<p><i>a perspective of the whole valley</i></p></li></ul>

Word: precise

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>clear and accurate Synonym   exact<p><i>precise details/instructions/measurements</i></p><p><i>Can you give a more precise definition of the word?</i></p><p><i>I can be reasonably precise about the time of the incident.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   used to emphasize that something happens at a particular time or in a particular way<p><i>We were just talking about her when, at that precise moment , she walked in.</i></p><p><i>Doctors found it hard to establish the precise nature of her illness.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>taking care to be exact and accurate, especially about small details Synonym   meticulous<p><i>a skilled and precise worker</i></p><p><i>small, precise movements</i></p><p><i>She’s rather prim and precise.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: precisely

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>exactly<p><i>They look precisely the same to me.</i></p><p><i>That’s precisely what I meant.</i></p><p><i>It’s not clear precisely how the accident happened.</i></p><p><i>The meeting starts at   o’clock precisely.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>accurately; carefully<p><i>to describe something precisely</i></p><p><i>She pronounced the word very slowly and precisely.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used to emphasize that something is very true or obvious<p><i>It’s precisely because  I care about you that I don’t like you staying out late.</i></p><p><i>The children are precisely the ones who will suffer if they get divorced.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used to emphasize that you agree with a statement, especially because you think it is obvious or is similar to what you have just said<p><i>‘It’s not that easy, is it?’ ‘No, precisely.’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: precision

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the quality of being exact, accurate and careful Synonym   accuracy<p><i>done with mathematical precision</i></p><p><i>Her writing is imaginative but lacks precision.</i></p><p><i>Historians can’t estimate the date with any (degree of) precision .</i></p><p><i>He chose his words with precision .</i></p><p><i>precision instruments/tools</i></p></li></ul>

Word: primacy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the fact of being the most important person or thing<p><i>a belief in the primacy of the family</i></p><p><i>This college emphasizes the primacy of teaching over research.</i></p><p><i>This approach gives primacy to facts.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the position of an archbishop</li></ul>

Word: prime

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to prepare somebody for a situation so that they know what to do, especially by giving them special information Synonym   brief<p><i><b>prime somebody (with something) </b><br>They had been primed with good advice.</i></p><p><i><b>prime somebody (for something) </b><br>She was ready and primed for action.</i></p><p><i><b>prime somebody to do something </b><br>He had primed his friends to give the journalists as little information as possible.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>prime something to make something ready for use or action<p><i>The bomb was primed, ready to explode.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>prime something to prepare wood, metal, etc. for painting by covering it with a special paint that helps the next layer of paint to stay on</li></ul>

Word: psychological

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with a person’s mind and the way in which it works<p><i>the psychological development of children</i></p><p><i>Abuse can lead to both psychological and emotional problems.</i></p><p><i>Her symptoms are more psychological than physical (= imaginary rather than real) .</i></p><p><i>Victory in the last game gave them a psychological advantage  over their opponents.</i></p><p><i>a psychological novel (= one that examines the minds of the characters)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   connected with the study of psychology<p><i>psychological research</i></p></li></ul>

Word: psychologist

Meaning: <ul><li>a scientist who studies and is trained in psychology<p><i>an educational psychologist</i></p><p><i>a clinical psychologist (= one who treats people with mental disorders  or problems)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: psychology

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the scientific study of the mind and how it influences behaviour compare  pop psychology<p><i>social/educational/child psychology</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   the kind of mind that somebody has that makes them think or behave in a particular way<p><i>the psychology of small boys</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   how the mind influences behaviour in a particular area of life<p><i>the psychology of interpersonal relationships</i></p></li></ul>

Word: pursue

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>pursue something to do something or try to achieve something over a period of time<p><i>to pursue a goal/an aim/an objective</i></p><p><i>We intend to pursue this policy with determination.</i></p><p><i>She wishes to pursue a medical career.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>pursue something |  + speech to continue to discuss, find out about or be involved in something<p><i>to pursue legal action</i></p><p><i>We have decided not to pursue the matter.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>pursue somebody/something to follow or chase somebody/something, especially in order to catch them<p><i>She left the theatre, hotly pursued by the press.</i></p><p><i>Police pursued the car at high speed.</i></p><p><i>Jake has been pursuing her (= trying to have a relationship with her)  for months.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: pursuit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   pursuit of something the act of looking for or trying to find something<p><i>the pursuit of happiness/knowledge/profit</i></p><p><i>She travelled the world in pursuit of  her dreams.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of following or chasing somebody<p><i>We drove away with two police cars in pursuit (= following) .</i></p><p><i>I galloped off on my horse with Rosie in hot pursuit (= following quickly behind) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   something that you give your time and energy to, that you do as a hobby Synonym   hobby   ,  pastime    ,<p><i>outdoor/leisure/artistic pursuits</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ratio

Meaning: <ul><li>ratio (of A to B) the relationship between two groups of people or things that is represented by two numbers showing how much larger one group is than the other<p><i>What is the ratio of men to women in the department?</i></p><p><i>The school has a very high teacher-student ratio.</i></p><p><i>The ratio of applications to available places currently stands at  00: .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: readjust

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to get used to a changed or new situation<p><i>Children are highly adaptable—they just need time to readjust.</i></p><p><i><b>readjust to something/doing something </b><br>Once again he had to readjust to living alone.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   readjust something to change or move something slightly<p><i>She got out of the car and readjusted her dress.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: redraft

Meaning: <ul><li>redraft something to write an article, a letter, etc. again in order to improve it or make changes</li></ul>

Word: reject

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>something that cannot be used or sold because there is something wrong with it</li><li><b> . </b>a person who has not been accepted as a member of a team, society, etc<p><i>one of society’s rejects</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reject

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>reject something to refuse to accept or consider something<p><i>to reject an argument/a claim/a decision/an offer/a suggestion</i></p><p><i>The prime minister rejected any idea of reforming the system.</i></p><p><i>The proposal was firmly rejected .</i></p><p><i>All our suggestions were rejected out of hand .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reject somebody to refuse to accept somebody for a job, position, etc<p><i>Please reject the following candidates…</i></p><p><i>I’ve been rejected by all the universities I applied to.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reject something to decide not to use, sell, publish, etc. something because its quality is not good enough<p><i>Imperfect articles are rejected by our quality control.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reject something ( of the body )  to not accept a new organ after a transplant  operation, by producing substances that attack the organ<p><i>Her body has already rejected two kidneys.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reject somebody/something to fail to give a person or an animal enough care or affection<p><i>The lioness rejected the smallest cub, which died.</i></p><p><i>When her husband left home she felt rejected and useless.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reorient

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>reorient somebody/something (to/towards/away from somebody/something) to change the focus or direction of somebody/something<p><i>Other governments may reorient their foreign policies away from the United States.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reorient yourself to find your position again in relation to your surroundings</li></ul>

Word: revenue

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable     plural   the money that a government receives from taxes or that an organization, etc. receives from its business Synonym   receipts    see also  the Inland Revenue<p><i>a shortfall in tax revenue</i></p><p><i>Advertising revenue finances the commercial television channels.</i></p><p><i>a slump in oil revenues</i></p><p><i>The company’s annual revenues rose by  0%.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: welfare

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the general health, happiness and safety of a person, an animal or a group Synonym   well-being<p><i>We are concerned about the child’s welfare.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people or animals that need it<p><i>The state is still the main provider of welfare.</i></p><p><i>child welfare</i></p><p><i>a social welfare programme</i></p><p><i>welfare provision/services/work</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( social security ) money that the government pays regularly to people who are poor, unemployed, sick, etc<p><i>They would rather work than live on welfare .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stability

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the quality or state of being steady and not changing or being disturbed in any way (= the quality of being stable) Opposite   instability<p><i>political/economic/social stability</i></p><p><i>the stability of the dollar on the world’s money markets</i></p><p><i>price stability</i></p><p><i>Being back with their family should provide emotional stability for the children.</i></p><p><i>The country is now enjoying a period of relative stability and prosperity.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stabilize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )       intransitive ,  transitive   to become or to make something become firm, steady and unlikely to change; to make something stable compare  destabilize   ,    uncountable  <p><i>The patient’s condition stabilized.</i></p><p><i><b>stabilize something </b><br>government measures to stabilize prices</i></p><p><i>Doctors stabilized the patient’s condition.</i></p><p><i>economic stabilization</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stable

Meaning: <ul><li>stable something to put or keep a horse in a stable<p><i>Where do you stable your pony?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a building in which horses are kept<p><i>The horse was led back to its stable.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( stables )   countable + singular or plural verb   an organization that keeps horses for a particular purpose : ( )<p><i>His stables are near Oxford.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a group of racehorses  owned or trained by the same person<p><i>There have been just three winners from his stable this season.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   a group of people who work or trained in the same place; a group of products made by the same company<p><i>actors from the same stable</i></p><p><i>the latest printer from the Epson stable</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>firmly fixed; not likely to move, change or fail Synonym   steady<p><i>stable prices</i></p><p><i>a stable relationship</i></p><p><i>This ladder doesn’t seem very stable.</i></p><p><i>The patient’s condition is stable (= it is not getting worse) .</i></p><p><i>The situation in the country has remained relatively stable for a few months now.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  calm and reasonable; not easily upset Synonym   balanced<p><i>Mentally, she is not very stable.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical ) ( of a substance )  staying in the same chemical or atomic  state<p><i>chemically stable</i></p><p><i>an element forming stable compounds</i></p></li></ul>

Word: style

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>style something to design, make or shape something in a particular way<p><i>an elegantly styled jacket</i></p><p><i>He’d had his hair styled at an expensive salon.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>style somebody/something/yourself + noun ( )  to give somebody/something/yourself a particular name or title<p><i>He styled himself Major Carter.</i></p><p><i>The company was originally styled ‘Imperial Designs’.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: styling

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the act of cutting and/or shaping hair in a particular style<p><i>styling gel</i></p><p><i>a styling brush</i></p><p><i>Our experts will give you advice on styling and hair care.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the way in which something is designed<p><i>The car has been criticized for its outdated body styling.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stylish

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) fashionable; elegant and attractive Synonym   classy      uncountable  <p><i>his stylish wife</i></p><p><i>a stylish restaurant</i></p><p><i>It was a stylish performance by both artists.</i></p><p><i>Her hair was stylishly cut into a bob.</i></p><p><i>a stylishly dressed young man</i></p></li></ul>

Word: stylized

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     drawn, written, etc. in a way that is not natural or realistic ,    uncountable  <p><i>a stylized drawing of a house</i></p><p><i>the highly stylized form of acting in Japanese theatre</i></p></li></ul>

Word: substitute

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use or have<p><i>a meat substitute</i></p><p><i>a substitute family</i></p><p><i><b>substitute for somebody/something </b><br>Paul’s father only saw him as a substitute for his dead brother.</i></p><p><i>The course teaches you the theory but there’s no substitute for  practical experience.</i></p><p><i>The local bus service was a poor substitute for  their car.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( sub ) a player who replaces another player in a sports game<p><i>He was brought on as (a) substitute after half-time.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: substitute

Meaning: <ul><li>    intransitive ,  transitive   to take the place of somebody/something else; to use somebody/something instead of somebody/something else Help    uncountable ,  countable  <p><i><b>substitute for somebody/something </b><br>Nothing can substitute for the advice your doctor is able to give you.</i></p><p><i><b>substitute A for B </b><br>Margarine can be substituted for butter in this recipe.</i></p><p><i><b>substitute B with/by A </b><br>Butter can be substituted with margarine in this recipe.</i></p><p><i><b>substitute somebody/something </b><br>Beckham was substituted in the second half after a knee injury (= somebody else played instead of Beckham in the second half) .</i></p><p><i>Can you find someone to substitute for you at the meeting?</i></p><p><i>the substitution of low-fat spreads for butter</i></p><p><i>Two substitutions were made during the game.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sustain

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>sustain somebody/something to provide enough of what somebody/something needs in order to live or exist<p><i>Which planets can sustain life?</i></p><p><i>I only had a little chocolate to sustain me on my walk.</i></p><p><i>The love and support of his family sustained him during his time in prison.</i></p><p><i>When she lost her job they could no longer sustain their expensive lifestyle.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>sustain something to make something continue for some time without becoming less Synonym   maintain<p><i>a period of sustained economic growth</i></p><p><i>a sustained attack</i></p><p><i>She managed to sustain everyone’s interest until the end of her speech.</i></p><p><i>Kangaroos can sustain high speeds over long distances.</i></p><p><i>the sustaining pedal of a piano (= that allows a note to continue sounding for a long time)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>sustain something ( )  to experience something bad Synonym   suffer<p><i>to sustain damage/an injury/a defeat</i></p><p><i>The company sustained losses  of millions of dollars.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>sustain something to provide evidence to support an opinion, a theory, etc. Synonym   uphold<p><i>The evidence is not detailed enough to sustain his argument.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>sustain something ( )  to support a weight without breaking or falling Synonym   bear<p><i>The ice will not sustain your weight.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>sustain something ( law )  to decide that a claim, etc. is valid Synonym   uphold<p><i>The court sustained his claim that the contract was illegal.</i></p><p><i>Objection sustained ! (= said by a judge when a lawyer makes an objection  in court)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sustainable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>involving the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment<p><i>sustainable forest management</i></p><p><i>an environmentally sustainable society</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>that can continue or be continued for a long time Opposite   unsustainable<p><i>sustainable economic growth</i></p><p><i>Unfortunately, this level of output is not sustainable.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sustenance

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the food and drink that people, animals and plants need to live and stay healthy<p><i>There’s not much sustenance in a bowl of soup.</i></p><p><i>Arguing would only give further sustenance to his allegations.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>sustenance (of something) the process of making something continue to exist<p><i>Elections are essential for the sustenance of parliamentary democracy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: symbol

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>symbol (of something) a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation<p><i>White has always been a symbol of purity in Western cultures.</i></p><p><i>Mandela became a symbol of the anti-apartheid struggle.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>symbol (for something) a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music<p><i>What is the chemical symbol for copper?</i></p><p><i>A list of symbols used on the map is given in the index.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: symbolic

Meaning: <ul><li>symbolic (of something) containing symbols, or being used as a symbol<p><i>The dove is symbolic of peace.</i></p><p><i>He shook his fist in a symbolic gesture of defiance.</i></p><p><i>The Channel Tunnel has enormous symbolic significance for a united Europe.</i></p><p><i>The new regulations are largely symbolic (= they will not have any real effect) .</i></p><p><i>a symbolically significant gesture</i></p></li></ul>

Word: symbolism

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the use of symbols to represent ideas, especially in art and literature ,<p><i>poetry full of religious symbolism</i></p><p><i>the symbolist poet Rimbaud</i></p></li></ul>

Word: symbolize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     symbolize something to be a symbol of something Synonym   represent<p><i>The use of light and dark symbolizes good and evil.</i></p><p><i>He came to symbolize his country’s struggle for independence.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: target

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>target somebody/something to aim an attack or a criticism at somebody/something<p><i>The missiles were mainly targeted at the United States.</i></p><p><i>The company has been targeted by animal rights groups for its use of dogs in drugs trials.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>target somebody to try to have an effect on a particular group of people<p><i>The campaign is clearly targeted at the young.</i></p><p><i>a new magazine that targets single men</i></p></li></ul>

Word: transit

Meaning: <ul><li>  transitive ,  intransitive   transit (something) to pass across or through an area<p><i>The ship is currently transiting the Gulf of Mexico.</i></p><p><i>  00 vessels transit in and out of the harbour every year.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: transition

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another<p><i><b>transition (from something) (to something) </b><br>the transition from school to full-time work</i></p><p><i>He will remain head of state during the period of transition  to democracy.</i></p><p><i><b>transition (between A and B) </b><br>We need to ensure a smooth transition between the old system and the new one.</i></p><p><i>This course is useful for students who are in transition (= in the process of changing)  from one training programme to another.</i></p><p><i>a transitional period</i></p><p><i>a transitional government</i></p></li></ul>

Word: transitory

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) continuing for only a short time Synonym   fleeting   ,  temporary    ,<p><i>the transitory nature of his happiness</i></p></li></ul>

Word: trend

Meaning: <ul><li>  a general direction in which a situation is changing or developing<p><i>economic/social/political trends</i></p><p><i><b>trend (towards something) </b><br>There is a growing trend  towards earlier retirement.</i></p><p><i><b>trend (in something) </b><br>current trends  in language teaching</i></p><p><i>a downward/an upward trend  in sales</i></p><p><i>You seem to have set (= started)  a new trend .</i></p><p><i>This trend is being reversed (= is going in the opposite direction) .</i></p><p><i>One region is attempting to buck (= oppose or resist)  the trend  of economic decline.</i></p><p><i>The underlying trend  of inflation is still upwards.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unalterable

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) that cannot be changed Synonym   immutable<p><i>the unalterable laws of the universe</i></p><p><i>an unalterable belief</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unaltered

Meaning: <ul><li>that has not changed or been changed<p><i>This practice has remained unaltered  for centuries.</i></p><p><i>The house survives in a largely unaltered state.</i></p><p><i>He is virtually unaltered by the years.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unaware

Meaning: <ul><li>  not before noun   not knowing or realizing that something is happening or that something exists Opposite   aware      uncountable  <p><i><b>unaware of something </b><br>He was completely unaware of the whole affair.</i></p><p><i><b>unaware that… </b><br>She was unaware that I could see her.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unlicensed

Meaning: <ul><li>without a licence Opposite   licensed<p><i>an unlicensed vehicle</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unmodified

Meaning: <ul><li>not modified</li></ul>

Word: unstable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>likely to change suddenly Synonym   volatile<p><i>The political situation remains highly unstable.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>if people are unstable , their behaviour and emotions change often and suddenly because their minds are upset</li><li><b> . </b>likely to move or fall<p><i>Icebergs are notoriously unstable and are likely to turn over.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical ) ( of a substance )  not staying in the same chemical or atomic  state<p><i>chemically unstable</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unsustainable

Meaning: <ul><li>that cannot be continued at the same level, rate, etc Opposite   sustainable<p><i>unsustainable growth</i></p></li></ul>

Word: version

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a form of something that is slightly different from an earlier form or from other forms of the same thing see also  beta version<p><i>There are two versions of the game, a long one and a short one.</i></p><p><i>the latest version  of the software package</i></p><p><i>the de luxe/luxury version</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a description of an event from the position of a particular person or group of people<p><i>She gave us her version of what had happened that day.</i></p><p><i>Their versions of how the accident happened conflict.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a film/movie, play, piece of music, etc. that is based on a particular piece of work but is in a different form, style or language see also  the Authorized Version  ,  cover version   ,<p><i>the film version of ‘War and Peace’</i></p><p><i>The English version of the novel is due for publication next year.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: whereas

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>used to compare or contrast two facts<p><i>Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.</i></p><p><i>We thought she was arrogant, whereas in fact she was just very shy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( law )  used at the beginning of a sentence in an official document to mean ‘because of the fact that…’</li></ul>

Word: abstract

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>abstract something (from something) to remove something from somewhere<p><i>She abstracted the main points from the argument.</i></p><p><i>a plan to abstract   million gallons of water from the river</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>abstract something ( technical )  to make a written summary of a book, etc.</li></ul>

Word: abstraction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   ( )  a general idea not based on any particular real person, thing or situation; the quality of being abstract</li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the state of thinking deeply about something and not paying attention to what is around you<p><i>She was gazing in abstraction at the far corner of the room.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( technical )  the action of removing something from something else; the process of being removed from something else<p><i>water abstraction from rivers</i></p></li></ul>

Word: abstract

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>based on general ideas and not on any particular real person, thing or situation compare  concrete   adjective  (   )   ( )<p><i>abstract knowledge/principles</i></p><p><i>The research shows that pre-school children are capable of thinking in abstract terms.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical reality<p><i>We may talk of beautiful things but beauty itself is abstract.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of art )  not representing people or things in a realistic way, but expressing the artist’s ideas about them compare  figurative  (   )  ,  representational   ( ) ,<p><i>the work of American abstract expressionists like Mark Rothko</i></p></li></ul>

Word: accuracy

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the state of being exact or correct; the ability to do something skilfully without making mistakes Opposite   inaccuracy<p><i>They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.</i></p><p><i>Candidates are judged on technical accuracy as well as artistic expression.</i></p><p><i>She hits the ball with great accuracy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: accurate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>correct and true in every detail<p><i>an accurate description/account/calculation</i></p><p><i>accurate information/data</i></p><p><i>Accurate records must be kept.</i></p><p><i>The police are trying to obtain a more accurate picture of crime levels.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>able to give completely correct information or to do something in an exact way<p><i>a highly accurate electronic compass</i></p><p><i>accurate to within   mm</i></p><p><i>My watch is not very accurate.</i></p><p><i>Scientists have found a more accurate way of dating cave paintings.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an accurate  throw, shot, weapon, etc. hits or reaches the thing that it was aimed at</li></ul>

Word: acknowledge

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to accept that something is true<p><i><b>acknowledge something </b><br>She refuses to acknowledge the need for reform.</i></p><p><i>Are you prepared to acknowledge your responsibility?</i></p><p><i>a generally acknowledged fact</i></p><p><i><b>acknowledge that… </b><br>I did not acknowledge that he had done anything wrong.</i></p><p><i><b>acknowledge something to be, have, etc. something </b><br>It is generally acknowledged to be true.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to accept that somebody/something has a particular authority or status Synonym   recognize<p><i><b>acknowledge somebody/something </b><br>The country acknowledged his claim to the throne.</i></p><p><i><b>acknowledge somebody/something as something </b><br>He is widely acknowledged as the best player in the world.</i></p><p><i><b>acknowledge somebody/something to be, have, etc. something </b><br>He is widely acknowledged to be the best player in the world.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>acknowledge something to tell somebody that you have received something that they sent to you<p><i>All applications will be acknowledged.</i></p><p><i>Please acknowledge receipt of this letter.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>acknowledge somebody/something to show that you have noticed somebody/something by smiling, waving, etc<p><i>I was standing right next to her, but she didn’t even acknowledge me.</i></p><p><i>He waved, acknowledging the applause.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>acknowledge something to publicly express thanks for help you have been given<p><i>I gratefully acknowledge financial support from several local businesses.</i></p><p><i>He is always ready to acknowledge his debt to his teachers.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: acknowledgement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  singular ,  uncountable   an act of accepting that something exists or is true, or that something is there<p><i>This report is an acknowledgement of the size of the problem.</i></p><p><i>She gave me a smile of acknowledgement (= showed that she had seen and recognized me) .</i></p><p><i>There is acknowledgement on his part that he was to blame.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   an act or a statement expressing thanks to somebody; something that is given to somebody as thanks<p><i>The flowers were a small acknowledgement of your kindness.</i></p><p><i>I was sent a free copy in acknowledgement of  my contribution.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a letter saying that something has been received<p><i>I didn’t receive an acknowledgement of my application.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   a statement, especially at the beginning of a book, in which the writer expresses thanks to the people who have helped<p><i>a page of acknowledgements</i></p></li></ul>

Word: aggregate

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   aggregate something (with something) ( technical )  to put together different items, amounts, etc. into a single group or total   uncountable ,  countable  <p><i>The scores were aggregated with the first round totals to decide the winner.</i></p><p><i>the aggregation of data</i></p></li></ul>

Word: allocate

Meaning: <ul><li>to give something officially to somebody/something for a particular purpose<p><i><b>allocate something (for something) </b><br>A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library.</i></p><p><i><b>allocate something (to somebody/something) </b><br>They intend to allocate more places to mature students this year.</i></p><p><i>More resources are being allocated to the project.</i></p><p><i><b>allocate somebody/something sth </b><br>The project is being allocated more resources.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: allocation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   an amount of money, space, etc. that is given to somebody for a particular purpose<p><i>We have spent our entire allocation for the year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of giving something to somebody for a particular purpose<p><i>the allocation of food to those who need it most</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assign

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to give somebody something that they can use, or some work or responsibility<p><i><b>assign something (to somebody) </b><br>The two large classrooms have been assigned to us.</i></p><p><i>The teacher assigned a different task to each of the children.</i></p><p><i><b>assign somebody something </b><br>We have been assigned the two large classrooms.</i></p><p><i>The teacher assigned each of the children a different task.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to provide a person for a particular task or position<p><i><b>assign somebody (to something/as something) </b><br>They’ve assigned their best man to the job.</i></p><p><i><b>assign somebody to do something </b><br>British forces have been assigned to help with peacekeeping.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   assign somebody to somebody/something to send a person to work under the authority of somebody or in a particular group<p><i>I was assigned to B platoon.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to say that something has a particular value or function, or happens at a particular time or place<p><i><b>assign something to something </b><br>Assign a different colour to each different type of information.</i></p><p><i><b>assign something sth </b><br>The painting cannot be assigned an exact date.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>assign something to somebody ( law )  to say that your property or rights now belong to somebody else<p><i>The agreement assigns copyright to the publisher.</i></p><p><i>She has assigned the lease to her daughter.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assignment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a task or piece of work that somebody is given to do, usually as part of their job or studies<p><i>You will need to complete three written assignments per semester.</i></p><p><i>She is in Greece on an assignment for one of the Sunday newspapers.</i></p><p><i>one of our reporters on assignment  in China</i></p><p><i>I had set myself a tough assignment.</i></p><p><i>a business/special assignment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of giving something to somebody; the act of giving somebody a particular task<p><i>his assignment to other duties in the same company</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attach

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to fasten or join one thing to another compare  detach<p><i><b>attach something </b><br>I attach a copy of my notes for your information.</i></p><p><i>I attach a copy of the spreadsheet (= send it with an email) .</i></p><p><i><b>attach something to something </b><br>Attach the coupon to the front of your letter.</i></p><p><i>They have attached a number of conditions to the agreement (= said that the conditions must be part of the agreement) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to believe that something is important or worth thinking about<p><i>I attach great importance to this research.</i></p><p><i>I wouldn’t attach too much weight to these findings.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   attach yourself to somebody to join somebody for a time, sometimes when you are not welcome or have not been invited<p><i>He attached himself to me at the party and I couldn’t get rid of him.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to be connected with somebody/something; to connect something to something<p><i><b>attach to somebody/something </b><br>No one is suggesting that any health risks attach to this product.</i></p><p><i>No blame attaches to you.</i></p><p><i><b>attach something to somebody/something </b><br>This does not attach any blame to you.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attached

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>attached (to somebody/something) full of affection for somebody/something compare  unattached<p><i>I’ve never seen two people so attached to each other.</i></p><p><i>We’ve grown very attached to this house.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   attached to something working for or forming part of an organization<p><i>The research unit is attached to the university.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>attached (to something) joined to something<p><i>Please complete the attached application form.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attachment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a strong feeling of affection for somebody/something<p><i>a child’s strong attachment to its parents</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   belief in and support for an idea or a set of values<p><i>the popular attachment to democratic government</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a tool that you can fix onto a machine, to make it do another job<p><i>an electric drill with a range of different attachments</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of joining one thing to another; a thing that joins two things together<p><i>All cars built since      have points for the attachment of safety restraints.</i></p><p><i>They discussed the attachment of new conditions to the peace plans.</i></p><p><i>They had to check the strength of the seat attachments to the floor of the plane.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( )  a short time spent working with an organization such as a hospital, school or part of the armed forces<p><i>She’s on attachment  to the local hospital.</i></p><p><i>a  -month training attachment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( computing )  a document that you send to somebody using email</li></ul>

Word: author

Meaning: <ul><li>author something ( )  to be the author of a book, report, etc.</li></ul>

Word: authorship

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the identity of the person who wrote something, especially a book<p><i>The authorship of the poem is unknown.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the activity or fact of writing a book<p><i>He published the report in joint authorship with a colleague.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: bond

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to join two things firmly together; to join firmly to something else<p><i><b>bond something </b><br>This new glue bonds a variety of surfaces in seconds.</i></p><p><i><b>bond (A) to B </b><br>It cannot be used to bond wood to metal.</i></p><p><i><b>bond (A and B) together </b><br>The atoms bond together to form a molecule.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   bond (with somebody) to develop or create a relationship of trust with somebody<p><i>Mothers who are depressed sometimes fail to bond with their children.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: bonding

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the process of forming a special relationship with somebody or with a group of people<p><i>mother-child bonding</i></p><p><i>male bonding</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( chemistry )  the process of atoms joining together<p><i>hydrogen bonding</i></p></li></ul>

Word: brevity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the quality of using few words when speaking or writing Synonym   conciseness<p><i>The report is a masterpiece of brevity.</i></p><p><i>Charles Dickens was not known for his brevity.</i></p><p><i>For the sake of brevity, I’d like to make just two points.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the fact of lasting a short time<p><i>the brevity of human life</i></p></li></ul>

Word: brief

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to give somebody information about something so that they are prepared to deal with it compare  debrief<p><i><b>brief somebody </b><br>I expect to be kept fully briefed at all times.</i></p><p><i><b>brief somebody on/about something </b><br>The officer briefed her on what to expect.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>brief somebody (to do something) ( ,  law )  to give a lawyer, especially a barrister , the main facts of a legal case so that it can be argued in court</li></ul>

Word: briefing

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a meeting in which people are given instructions or information compare  debriefing<p><i>a press briefing</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( brief )   countable ,  uncountable   the detailed instructions or information that are given at such a meeting<p><i>Captain Trent gave his men a full briefing.</i></p><p><i>a briefing session/paper</i></p></li></ul>

Word: briefly

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>for a short time<p><i>He had spoken to Emma only briefly .</i></p><p><i>She met John briefly on Friday night.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in few words<p><i>Briefly, the argument is as follows…</i></p><p><i>Let me tell you briefly what happened.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: capability

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>capability (to do something/of doing something) the ability or qualities necessary to do something<p><i>Animals in the zoo have lost the capability to catch/of catching food for themselves.</i></p><p><i>beyond/within the capabilities  of current technology</i></p><p><i>Age affects the range of a person’s capabilities.</i></p><p><i>a company’s production capabilities</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the power or weapons that a country has for war or for military action<p><i>Britain’s nuclear/military capability</i></p></li></ul>

Word: capable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>having the ability or qualities necessary for doing something<p><i><b>capable of something </b><br>You are capable of better work than this.</i></p><p><i><b>capable of doing something </b><br>He’s quite capable of lying to get out of trouble.</i></p><p><i>I’m perfectly capable of doing it myself, thank you.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>having the ability to do things well Synonym   skilled   ,  competent    ,<p><i>She’s a very capable teacher.</i></p><p><i>I’ll leave the organization in your capable hands.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: citation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   words or lines taken from a book or a speech Synonym   quotation</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an official statement about something special that somebody has done, especially about acts of courage in a war<p><i>a citation for bravery</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   an act of citing  or being cited<p><i>Space does not permit the citation of the examples.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ) =  summons<p><i>The judge issued a contempt citation against the woman for violating a previous court order.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cite

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>cite something (as something) to mention something as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying<p><i>He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>cite something to speak or write the exact words from a book, an author, etc. Synonym   quote<p><i>She cited a passage from the President’s speech.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>cite somebody (for something) ( law )  to order somebody to appear in court; to name somebody officially in a legal case<p><i>He was cited for contempt of court.</i></p><p><i>She was cited in the divorce proceedings.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>cite somebody (for something) to mention somebody officially or publicly because they deserve special praise<p><i>He was cited for bravery.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cooperate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   cooperate (with somebody) (in/on something) to work together with somebody else in order to achieve something<p><i>The two groups agreed to cooperate with each other.</i></p><p><i>They had cooperated closely in the planning of the project.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   cooperate (with somebody) (in/on something) to be helpful by doing what somebody asks you to do<p><i>Their captors told them they would be killed unless they cooperated.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cooperation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the fact of doing something together or of working together towards a shared aim<p><i><b>cooperation (with somebody) (in doing something) </b><br>a report produced by the government in cooperation with the chemical industry</i></p><p><i><b>cooperation (between A and B) </b><br>We would like to see closer cooperation between parents and schools.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>cooperation (in doing something) willingness to be helpful and do as you are asked<p><i>We would be grateful for your cooperation in clearing the hall as quickly as possible.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cooperative

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) a cooperative  business or other organization<p><i>agricultural cooperatives in India</i></p><p><i>The factory is now a workers’ cooperative.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cooperative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   involving doing something together or working together with others towards a shared aim<p><i>Cooperative activity is essential to effective community work.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>helpful by doing what you are asked to do Opposite   uncooperative<p><i>Employees will generally be more cooperative if their views are taken seriously.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   ( business )  owned and run by the people involved, with the profits shared by them<p><i>a cooperative farm</i></p><p><i>The cooperative movement started in Britain in the   th century.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: discriminate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to recognize that there is a difference between people or things; to show a difference between people or things Synonym   differentiate   ,  distinguish    ,<p><i><b>discriminate (between A and B) </b><br>The computer program was unable to discriminate between letters and numbers.</i></p><p><i><b>discriminate something </b><br>When do babies learn to discriminate voices?</i></p><p><i><b>discriminate A from B </b><br>A number of features discriminate this species from others.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair way<p><i><b>discriminate (against somebody) </b><br>practices that discriminate against women and in favour of men</i></p><p><i><b>discriminate (on the grounds of something) </b><br>It is illegal to discriminate on grounds of race, sex or religion.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: discrimination

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the practice of treating somebody or a particular group in society less fairly than others see also  positive discrimination<p><i>age/racial/sex/sexual discrimination (= because of somebody’s age, race or sex)</i></p><p><i><b>discrimination against somebody </b><br>discrimination against the elderly</i></p><p><i><b>discrimination in favour of somebody </b><br>discrimination in favour of the young</i></p><p><i><b>discrimination on the grounds of something </b><br>discrimination on the grounds of race, gender, or sexual orientation</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the ability to judge what is good, true, etc. Synonym   discernment<p><i>He showed great discrimination in his choice of friends.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )    uncountable ,  countable   the ability to recognize a difference between one thing and another; a difference that is recognized<p><i>to learn discrimination between right and wrong</i></p><p><i>fine discriminations</i></p></li></ul>

Word: display

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an arrangement of things in a public place to inform or entertain people or advertise something for sale<p><i>a beautiful floral display outside the Town Hall</i></p><p><i>a window display</i></p><p><i>a display cabinet</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an act of performing a skill or of showing something happening, in order to entertain<p><i>a firework display</i></p><p><i>a breathtaking display of aerobatics</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an occasion when you show a particular quality, feeling or ability by the way that you behave<p><i>a display of affection/strength/wealth</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the words, pictures, etc. shown on a computer screen see also  liquid crystal display  ,  VDU   ,<p><i>a high resolution colour display</i></p></li></ul>

Word: diverse

Meaning: <ul><li>very different from each other and of various kinds<p><i>people from diverse cultures</i></p><p><i>My interests are very diverse.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: diversify

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   diversify (something) (into something) ( especially of a business or company )  to develop a wider range of products, interests, skills, etc. in order to be more successful or reduce risk Synonym   branch out<p><i>Farmers are being encouraged to diversify into new crops.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to change or to make something change so that there is greater variety<p><i>Patterns of family life are diversifying.</i></p><p><i><b>diversify something </b><br>The culture has been diversified with the arrival of immigrants.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: diversity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   a range of many people or things that are very different from each other Synonym   variety<p><i>the biological diversity of the rainforests</i></p><p><i>a great/wide/rich diversity  of opinion</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the quality or fact of including a range of many people or things<p><i>There is a need for greater diversity and choice in education.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: domain

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an area of knowledge or activity; especially one that somebody is responsible for see also  public domain<p><i>The care of older people is being placed firmly within the domain of the family.</i></p><p><i>Physics used to be very much a male domain.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>lands owned or ruled by a particular person, government, etc, especially in the past<p><i>The Spice Islands were within the Spanish domains.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( computing )  a set of websites on the Internet which end with the same group of letters, for example ‘ .com ’ , ‘ .org ’  ‘ ’ ‘ ’</li><li><b> . </b>( mathematics )  the range of possible values of a particular variable</li></ul>

Word: edit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   edit (something) to prepare a piece of writing, a book, etc. to be published by correcting the mistakes, making improvements to it, etc<p><i>I know that this draft text will need to be edited.</i></p><p><i>This is the edited version of my speech (= some parts have been taken out) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   edit something to prepare a book to be published by collecting together and arranging pieces of writing by one or more authors<p><i>He’s editing a book of essays by Isaiah Berlin.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   edit (something) ( computing )  to make changes to text or data on screen<p><i>You can download the file and edit it on your computer.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   edit something when somebody edits  a film/movie, television programme, etc. they take what has been filmed or recorded and decide which parts to include and in which order<p><i>They’re showing the edited highlights  of last month’s game.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   edit something to be responsible for planning and publishing a newspaper, magazine, etc. (= to be the editor  )<p><i>She used to edit a women’s magazine.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: edition

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the form in which a book is published<p><i>a paperback/hardback edition</i></p><p><i>She collects first editions  of Victorian novels.</i></p><p><i>the electronic edition of ‘The Guardian’</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a particular newspaper or magazine, or radio or television programme, especially one in a regular series<p><i>Tonight’s edition of ‘Panorama’ looks at unemployment.</i></p><p><i>The story was in Tuesday’s edition of ‘The New York Times’.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )  the total number of copies of a book, newspaper or magazine, etc. published at one time see also  limited edition   compare  impression  (   )   ( )<p><i>The dictionary is now in its eighth edition.</i></p><p><i>The article appeared in the evening edition of ‘The Mercury’.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: editor

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who is in charge of a newspaper, magazine, etc, or part of one, and who decides what should be included<p><i>the editor of the Washington Post</i></p><p><i>the sports/financial/fashion, etc. editor</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who prepares a book to be published, for example by checking and correcting the text, making improvements, etc. see also  copy editor  ,  subeditor   ,</li><li><b> . </b>a person who prepares a film/movie, radio or television programme for being shown or broadcast by deciding what to include, and what order it should be in</li><li><b> . </b>a person who works as a journalist for radio or television reporting on a particular area of news<p><i>our economics editor</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who chooses texts written by one or by several writers and prepares them to be published in a book<p><i>She’s the editor of a new collection of ghost stories.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( computing )  a program that allows you to change stored text or data</li></ul>

Word: editorial

Meaning: <ul><li>( leader ,  leading article ) an important article in a newspaper, that expresses the editor’s  opinion about an item of news or an issue; in the US also a comment on radio or television that expresses the opinion of the station  or network</li></ul>

Word: enhance

Meaning: <ul><li>enhance something to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of somebody/something   uncountable ,  countable  <p><i>This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company.</i></p><p><i>the skilled use of make-up to enhance your best features</i></p><p><i>enhanced efficiency</i></p><p><i>equipment for the enhancement of sound quality</i></p><p><i>software enhancements</i></p></li></ul>

Word: estate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a large area of land, usually in the country, that is owned by one person or family<p><i>a  000-acre estate</i></p><p><i>She receives rent from all the people whose cottages are on estate land.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  an area of land with a lot of houses or factories of the same type on it see also  council estate  ,  housing estate  ,  industrial estate  ,  trading estate   ,  ,  ,<p><i>She lives in a tower block on an estate in London.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( law )    countable ,  uncountable   all the money and property that a person owns, especially everything that is left when they die<p><i>Her estate was left to her daughter.</i></p><p><i>He left estate valued at a million dollars.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ) =  estate car</li></ul>

Word: exceed

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>exceed something to be greater than a particular number or amount<p><i>The price will not exceed £ 00.</i></p><p><i>His achievements have exceeded expectations .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>exceed something to do more than the law or an order, etc. allows you to do see also  excess<p><i>She was exceeding the speed limit (= driving faster than is allowed) .</i></p><p><i>The officers had exceeded their authority.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: expert

Meaning: <ul><li>  done with, having or involving great knowledge or skill compare  inexpert<p><i>to seek expert advice/an expert opinion</i></p><p><i>an expert driver</i></p><p><i>We need some expert help.</i></p><p><i><b>expert (at/in something) </b><br>They are all expert in this field.</i></p><p><i><b>expert (at/in doing something) </b><br>She’s expert at making cheap but stylish clothes.</i></p><p><i>The roads were icy but she stopped the car expertly.</i></p><p><i>The music was expertly performed.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: expertise

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   expert knowledge or skill in a particular subject, activity or job<p><i>professional/scientific/technical, etc.  expertise</i></p><p><i>We have the expertise to help you run your business.</i></p><p><i>It is difficult to find staff with the level of expertise required for this job.</i></p><p><i><b>expertise in something/in doing something </b><br>They have considerable expertise in dealing with oil spills.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: explicit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of a statement or piece of writing )  clear and easy to understand<p><i>He gave me very explicit directions on how to get there.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  saying something clearly, exactly and openly Synonym   frank<p><i>She was quite explicit about why she had left.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>said, done or shown in an open or direct way, so that you have no doubt about what is happening compare  implicit<p><i>The reasons for the decision should be made explicit.</i></p><p><i>She made some very explicit references to my personal life.</i></p><p><i>a sexually explicit film</i></p></li></ul>

Word: federal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>having a system of government in which the individual states of a country have control over their own affairs, but are controlled by a central government for national decisions, etc<p><i>a federal republic</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(within a federal system , for example the US and Canada) connected with national government rather than the local government of an individual state<p><i>a federal law</i></p><p><i>state and federal income taxes</i></p></li></ul>

Word: federation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a country consisting of a group of individual states that have control over their own affairs but are controlled by a central government for national decisions, etc<p><i>the Russian Federation</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a group of clubs, trade/labor unions , etc. that have joined together to form an organization<p><i>the International Tennis Federation</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of forming a federation<p><i>Many MPs are against federation in Europe.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: fee

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services<p><i>legal fees</i></p><p><i>Does the bank charge a fee  for setting up the account?</i></p><p><i>fee-paying schools (= that you have to pay to go to)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>an amount of money that you pay to join an organization, or to do something<p><i>membership fees</i></p><p><i>There is no entrance fee  to the gallery.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: flexible

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  able to change to suit new conditions or situations<p><i>a more flexible approach</i></p><p><i>flexible working hours</i></p><p><i>Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater for the needs of everyone.</i></p><p><i>You need to be more flexible and imaginative in your approach.</i></p><p><i>Can you be flexible about when you take your leave?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>able to bend easily without breaking Opposite   inflexible<p><i>flexible plastic tubing</i></p></li></ul>

Word: furthermore

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) in addition to what has just been stated.Furthermore  is used especially to add a point to an argument. Synonym   moreover<p><i>He said he had not discussed the matter with her. Furthermore, he had not even contacted her.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: gender

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the fact of being male or female, especially when considered with reference to social and cultural differences, not differences in biology compare  sex   n.  (   )   ( )<p><i>issues of class, race and gender</i></p><p><i>traditional concepts of gender</i></p><p><i>gender differences/relations/roles</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   ( grammar ) ( )  each of the classes ( masculine , feminine  and sometimes neuter  ) into which nouns, pronouns and adjectives are divided; the division of nouns, pronouns and adjectives into these different genders . Different genders  may have different endings, etc<p><i>In French the adjective must agree with the noun in number and gender.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ignorance

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ignorance (of/about something) a lack of knowledge or information about something ( )  if you do not know about something, you cannot worry about it<p><i>widespread ignorance of/about  the disease</i></p><p><i>They fought a long battle against prejudice and ignorance.</i></p><p><i>She was kept in ignorance of  her husband’s activities.</i></p><p><i>Children often behave badly out of/through ignorance .</i></p><p><i>I hate to admit my ignorance, but how does it work?</i></p><p><i>Some doctors believe ignorance is bliss and don’t give their patients all the facts.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ignorant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>lacking knowledge or information about something; not educated<p><i>an ignorant person/question</i></p><p><i>Never make your students feel ignorant.</i></p><p><i><b>ignorant about something </b><br>He’s ignorant about modern technology.</i></p><p><i><b>ignorant of something </b><br>At that time I was ignorant of events going on elsewhere.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  with very bad manners Synonym   uncouth<p><i>a rude, ignorant person</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ignore

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>ignore something to pay no attention to something Synonym   disregard<p><i>He ignored all the ‘No Smoking’ signs and lit up a cigarette.</i></p><p><i>I made a suggestion but they chose to ignore it.</i></p><p><i>We cannot afford to ignore their advice.</i></p><p><i>She deliberately ignored my question and changed the subject.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>ignore somebody to pretend that you have not seen somebody or that somebody is not there Synonym   take no notice of<p><i>She ignored him and carried on with her work.</i></p><p><i>If he tries to start an argument, just ignore him.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inaccurate

Meaning: <ul><li>not exact or accurate; with mistakes Opposite   accurate      countable ,  uncountable  <p><i>an inaccurate statement</i></p><p><i>inaccurate information</i></p><p><i>All the maps we had were wildly inaccurate.</i></p><p><i>Statistical graphs may be inaccurate and misleading.</i></p><p><i>The article is full of inaccuracies.</i></p><p><i>The writer is guilty of bias and inaccuracy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incapable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>not able to do something<p><i><b>incapable of something </b><br>incapable of speech</i></p><p><i><b>incapable of doing something </b><br>The children seem to be totally incapable  of working by themselves.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not able to control yourself or your affairs; not able to do anything well<p><i>He was found lying in the road, drunk and incapable.</i></p><p><i>If people keep telling you you’re incapable, you begin to lose confidence in yourself.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incentive

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   incentive (for/to somebody/something) (to do something) something that encourages you to do something Opposite   disincentive<p><i>tax incentives to encourage savings</i></p><p><i>There is no incentive for people to save fuel.</i></p><p><i>There is an added incentive for you to buy from our catalogue—a free gift with every purchase.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incidence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   incidence of something ( )  the extent to which something happens or has an effect<p><i>an area with a high incidence  of crime</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( physics )  the way in which light meets a surface<p><i>the angle of incidence</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incident

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that happens, especially something unusual or unpleasant<p><i>His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident.</i></p><p><i>One particular incident sticks in my mind.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a serious or violent event, such as a crime, an accident or an attack<p><i>There was a shooting incident near here last night.</i></p><p><i>The demonstration passed off without incident .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a disagreement between two countries, often involving military forces<p><i>a border/diplomatic incident</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incidentally

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>used to introduce a new topic, or some extra information, or a question that you have just thought of Synonym   by the way<p><i>Incidentally, have you heard the news about Sue?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that was not planned but that is connected with something else<p><i>The information was only discovered incidentally.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incorporate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to include something so that it forms a part of something<p><i><b>incorporate something </b><br>The new car design incorporates all the latest safety features.</i></p><p><i><b>incorporate something in/into/within something </b><br>We have incorporated all the latest safety features into the design.</i></p><p><i>Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the plan.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  often passive   incorporate something ( business )  to create a legally recognized company<p><i>The company was incorporated in  0 .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: index

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>index something to make an index of documents, the contents of a book, etc; to add something to a list of this type<p><i>All publications are indexed by subject and title.</i></p><p><i>New material is scanned, indexed and stored electronically.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   index something (to something) to link wages, etc. to the level of prices of food, clothing, etc. so that they both increase at the same rate</li></ul>

Word: inflexible

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  that cannot be changed or made more suitable for a particular situation Synonym   rigid<p><i>an inflexible attitude/routine/system</i></p><p><i>The rules are too inflexible to allow for human error.</i></p><p><i>an inflexible retirement age</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( of people or organizations )  unwilling to change their opinions, decisions, etc, or the way they do things<p><i>He’s completely inflexible on the subject.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a material )  difficult or impossible to bend Synonym   stiff    Opposite   flexible</li></ul>

Word: inhibit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>inhibit something ( )  to prevent something from happening or make it happen more slowly or less frequently than normal<p><i>A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child.</i></p><p><i>Financial considerations are inhibiting access to higher education.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>inhibit somebody (from something/from doing something) to make somebody nervous or embarrassed so that they are unable to do something<p><i>The managing director’s presence inhibited them from airing their problems.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inhibition

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a shy or nervous feeling that stops you from expressing your real thoughts or feelings<p><i>The children were shy at first, but soon lost their inhibitions.</i></p><p><i>She had no inhibitions about making her opinions known.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the act of restricting or preventing a process or an action<p><i>the inhibition of growth</i></p></li></ul>

Word: initiate

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who has been allowed to join a particular group, organization, or religion and is learning its rules and secrets</li></ul>

Word: initiation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the act of somebody becoming a member of a group, often with a special ceremony; the act of introducing somebody to an activity or skill<p><i>an initiation ceremony</i></p><p><i><b>initiation into something </b><br>her initiation into the world of marketing</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  the act of starting something<p><i>the initiation of criminal proceedings</i></p></li></ul>

Word: initiative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purpose<p><i>a United Nations peace initiative</i></p><p><i>a government initiative to combat unemployment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the ability to decide and act on your own without waiting for somebody to tell you what to do<p><i>You won’t get much help. You’ll have to use your initiative .</i></p><p><i>Too much bureaucracy represses creativity and initiative.</i></p><p><i>She did it on her own initiative (= without anyone telling her to do it) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   the power or opportunity to act and gain an advantage before other people do<p><i>to seize/lose the initiative</i></p><p><i>It was up to the US to take the initiative  in repairing relations.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ,  law )  (in some states of the US) a process by which ordinary people can suggest a new law by signing a petition</li></ul>

Word: initiator

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) the person who starts something<p><i>the initiator of the project</i></p></li></ul>

Word: input

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  ,  ,  input something to put information into a computer compare  output<p><i>to input text/data/figures</i></p></li></ul>

Word: instruct

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  to tell somebody to do something, especially in a formal or official way Synonym   direct   ,  order    ,<p><i><b>instruct somebody to do something </b><br>The letter instructed him to report to headquarters immediately.</i></p><p><i><b>instruct somebody where, what, etc… </b><br>You will be instructed where to go as soon as the plane is ready.</i></p><p><i><b>instruct somebody </b><br>She arrived at   o’clock as instructed .</i></p><p><i><b>instruct that… </b><br>He instructed that a wall be built around the city.</i></p><p><i>He instructed that a wall should be built around the city.</i></p><p><i><b>instruct (somebody) + speech </b><br>‘Put it there,’ she instructed (them).</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>instruct somebody (in something) ( )  to teach somebody something, especially a practical skill<p><i>All our staff have been instructed in sign language.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   instruct somebody that… ( )  to give somebody information about something<p><i>We have been instructed that  a decision will not be made before the end of the week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>instruct somebody (to do something) ( law )  to employ somebody to represent you in a legal situation, especially as a lawyer</li></ul>

Word: instruction

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   giving detailed information on how to do or use something (= giving instructions)<p><i>an instruction book/manual</i></p></li></ul>

Word: instructive

Meaning: <ul><li>giving a lot of useful information<p><i>a most instructive experience</i></p><p><i>It is instructive to see how other countries are tackling the problem.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: instructor

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person whose job is to teach somebody a practical skill or sport<p><i>a driving instructor</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a teacher below the rank of assistant professor  at a college or university</li></ul>

Word: intelligence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the ability to learn, understand and think in a logical way about things; the ability to do this well see also  artificial intelligence  ,  emotional intelligence   ,<p><i>a person of high/average/low intelligence</i></p><p><i>He didn’t even have the intelligence to call for an ambulance.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>secret information that is collected, for example about a foreign country, especially one that is an enemy; the people that collect this information<p><i>intelligence reports</i></p><p><i>the US Central Intelligence Agency</i></p><p><i>intelligence sources (= people who give this information)</i></p><p><i>the head of military intelligence</i></p></li></ul>

Word: intelligent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>good at learning, understanding and thinking in a logical way about things; showing this ability Opposite   unintelligent<p><i>a highly intelligent  child</i></p><p><i>to ask an intelligent question</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of an animal, a being, etc. )  able to understand and learn things<p><i>a search for intelligent life on other planets</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( computing ) ( of a computer, program, etc. )  able to store information and use it in new situations<p><i>intelligent software/systems</i></p></li></ul>

Word: interval

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a period of time between two events<p><i>The interval between major earthquakes might be  0 years.</i></p><p><i>He knocked on the door and after a brief interval it was opened.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( intermission ,  ) a short period of time separating parts of a play, film/movie or concert<p><i>There will be an interval of   minutes after the second act.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually plural   a short period during which something different happens from what is happening the rest of the time<p><i>She’s delirious, but has lucid intervals.</i></p><p><i>The day should be mainly dry with sunny intervals.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( music )  a difference in pitch  (= how high or low a note sounds) between two notes<p><i>an interval of one octave</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>with time between<p><i>Buses to the city leave at regular intervals .</i></p><p><i>The runners started at  -minute intervals.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>with spaces between<p><i>Flaming torches were positioned at intervals along the terrace.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: irrational

Meaning: <ul><li>not based on, or not using, clear logical thought Synonym   unreasonable    Opposite   rational      uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular  <p><i>an irrational fear</i></p><p><i>You’re being irrational.</i></p><p><i>to behave irrationally</i></p></li></ul>

Word: lecture

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   lecture (in/on something) to give a talk or a series of talks to a group of people on a subject, especially as a way of teaching in a university or college<p><i>She lectures in Russian literature.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   lecture somebody (about/on something) |  lecture somebody (about doing something) to criticize somebody or tell them how you think they should behave, especially when it is done in an annoying way<p><i>Don’t start lecturing me!</i></p><p><i>He’s always lecturing me about the way I dress.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: lecturer

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who gives a lecture<p><i>She’s a superb lecturer.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(especially in Britain) a person who teaches at a university or college<p><i>He’s a lecturer in French at Oxford.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: migrant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work compare  emigrant  ,  immigrant   ,  see also  economic migrant<p><i>migrant workers</i></p><p><i>The country has a large seasonal migrant population, who work on the coffee and cotton plantations for part of the year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a bird or an animal that moves from one place to another according to the season</li></ul>

Word: migrate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( of birds, animals, etc. )  to move from one part of the world to another according to the season<p><i>Swallows migrate south in winter.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( of a lot of people )  to move from one town, country, etc. to go and live and/or work in another Synonym   emigrate<p><i>Thousands were forced to migrate from rural to urban areas in search of work.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( technical )  to move from one place to another<p><i>The infected cells then migrate to other areas of the body.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   migrate (somebody) ( computing )  to change, or cause somebody to change, from one computer system to another</li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   migrate something ( computing )  to move programs or hardware  from one computer system to another</li></ul>

Word: migration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the movement of large numbers of people, birds or animals from one place to another<p><i>seasonal migration</i></p><p><i>mass migrations</i></p><p><i>the migration routes of birds</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the fact of changing from one computer system to another; the act of moving programs, etc. from one computer system to another</li></ul>

Word: migratory

Meaning: <ul><li>( technical ) connected with, or having the habit of, regular migration<p><i>migratory flights/birds</i></p></li></ul>

Word: minimum

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )  the smallest or lowest amount that is possible, required or recorded<p><i>Costs should be kept to a minimum .</i></p><p><i>The class needs a minimum of six students to continue.</i></p><p><i>As an absolute minimum , you should spend two hours in the evening studying.</i></p><p><i>Temperatures will fall to a minimum of   degrees.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   an extremely small amount Opposite   maximum<p><i>He passed the exams with the minimum of effort.</i></p><p><i>The room had a minimum of furniture.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ministerial

Meaning: <ul><li>connected with a government minister or ministers<p><i>decisions taken at ministerial level</i></p><p><i>a ministerial meeting/statement</i></p><p><i>to hold ministerial office (= to have the job of a government minister)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ministry

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a government department that has a particular area of responsibility<p><i>the Ministry of Defence</i></p><p><i>a ministry spokesperson</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular + singular or plural verb   ministers of religion, especially Protestant ministers, when they are mentioned as a group<p><i>He was an excellent candidate for the Baptist ministry.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   the work and duties of a minister in the Church; the period of time spent working as a minister in the Church</li></ul>

Word: bond

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   bond (between A and B) something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences<p><i>A bond of friendship had been forged between them.</i></p><p><i>The agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries.</i></p><p><i>the special bond between mother and child</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an agreement by a government or a company to pay you interest on the money you have lent; a document containing this agreement see also  junk bond<p><i>government bonds</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( law ) ( )  a sum of money that is paid as bail<p><i>He was released on $ 00 bond.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( mortgage bond ) ( )  a legal agreement by which a bank lends you money to buy a house, etc. which you pay back over many years; the sum of money that is lent<p><i>to pay off a bond</i></p><p><i>We had to take out a second bond on the property.</i></p><p><i>bond rates (= of interest)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   ( )  the ropes or chains keeping somebody prisoner; anything that stops you from being free to do what you want<p><i>to release somebody from their bonds</i></p><p><i>the bonds of oppression/injustice</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a legal written agreement or promise<p><i>We entered into a solemn bond.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the way in which two things are joined together<p><i>a firm bond between the two surfaces</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   the way in which atoms are held together in a chemical compound</li></ul>

Word: motivate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  often passive   motivate somebody to be the reason why somebody does something or behaves in a particular way<p><i>He is motivated entirely by self-interest.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to make somebody want to do something, especially something that involves hard work and effort<p><i><b>motivate somebody </b><br>She’s very good at motivating her students.</i></p><p><i><b>motivate somebody to do something </b><br>The plan is designed to motivate employees to work more efficiently.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>motivate something ( ,  )  to give reasons for something that you have stated<p><i>Please motivate your answer to question  .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: motive

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   ( technical )  causing movement or action<p><i>motive power/force (= for example, electricity, to operate machinery)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: motive

Meaning: <ul><li>motive (for something) a reason for doing something<p><i>There seemed to be no motive for the murder.</i></p><p><i>I’m suspicious of his motives.</i></p><p><i>the profit motive (= the desire to make a profit)</i></p><p><i>I have an ulterior motive  in offering to help you.</i></p><p><i>an apparently motiveless murder/attack</i></p></li></ul>

Word: neutral

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the position of the gears of a vehicle in which no power is carried from the engine to the wheels<p><i>to leave the car in neutral</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a person or country that does not support either side in a disagreement, competition or war</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a colour that is not bright or strong, such as grey or light brown<p><i>The room was decorated in neutrals.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: neutrality

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the state of not supporting either side in a disagreement, competition or war</li></ul>

Word: neutralize

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>neutralize something to stop something from having any effect<p><i>The latest figures should neutralize the fears of inflation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>neutralize something ( chemistry )  to make a substance neutral  (   )   ( )<p><i>Lime was used to neutralize the acidity of the soil.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>neutralize something to make a country or an area neutral  (   )   ( )<p><i>The treaty neutralized the Black Sea.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: neutral

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>not supporting or helping either side in a disagreement, competition, etc. Synonym   impartial   ,  unbiased    ,<p><i>Journalists are supposed to be politically neutral.</i></p><p><i>I didn’t take my father’s or my mother’s side; I tried to remain neutral .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not belonging to any of the countries that are involved in a war; not supporting any of the countries involved in a war<p><i>neutral territory/waters</i></p><p><i>Switzerland was neutral during the war.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>deliberately not expressing any strong feeling<p><i>‘So you told her?’ he said in a neutral tone of voice.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not very bright or strong, such as grey or light brown<p><i>a neutral colour scheme</i></p><p><i>neutral tones</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>neither acid nor alkaline</li><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )  having neither a positive nor a negative electrical charge<p><i>the neutral wire in a plug</i></p></li></ul>

Word: nevertheless

Meaning: <ul><li>  despite something that you have just mentioned Synonym   nonetheless<p><i>There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.</i></p><p><i>Our defeat was expected but it is disappointing nevertheless.</i></p><p><i>The old system had its flaws, but nevertheless it was preferable to the new one.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: overseas

Meaning: <ul><li>to or in a foreign country, especially those separated from your country by the sea or ocean Synonym   abroad<p><i>to live/work/go overseas</i></p><p><i>The product is sold both at home and overseas.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: precede

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   precede (somebody/something) to happen before something or come before something/somebody in order<p><i>the years preceding the war</i></p><p><i>His resignation was preceded by weeks of speculation.</i></p><p><i>She preceded me in the job.</i></p><p><i>See the preceding chapter.</i></p><p><i>It had happened during the preceding year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   precede somebody + adverb/preposition to go in front of somebody<p><i>She preceded him out of the room.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: precedence

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   precedence (over somebody/something) the condition of being more important than somebody else and therefore coming or being dealt with first Synonym   priority<p><i>She had to learn that her wishes did not take precedence over  other people’s needs.</i></p><p><i>The speakers came on to the platform in order of precedence (= the most important one first) .</i></p><p><i>Environmental concerns must be given precedence over  commercial interest.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: precedent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   an official action or decision that has happened in the past and that is seen as an example or a rule to be followed in a similar situation later<p><i>The ruling set a precedent  for future libel cases.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a similar action or event that happened earlier<p><i>historical precedents</i></p><p><i>There is no precedent for a disaster of this scale.</i></p><p><i>Such protests are without precedent  in recent history.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the way that things have always been done Synonym   tradition    see also  unprecedented<p><i>to break with precedent (= to do something in a different way)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: presumably

Meaning: <ul><li>  used to say that you think that something is probably true<p><i>Presumably this is where the accident happened.</i></p><p><i>You’ll be taking the car, presumably?</i></p><p><i>I couldn’t concentrate, presumably because I was so tired.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: presume

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to suppose that something is true, although you do not have actual proof Synonym   assume<p><i>They are very expensive, I presume?</i></p><p><i>‘Is he still abroad?’ ‘ I presume so .’</i></p><p><i><b>presume (that)… </b><br>I presumed (that) he understood the rules.</i></p><p><i><b>it is presumed that… </b><br>Little is known of the youngest son; it is presumed that he died young.</i></p><p><i><b>presume somebody/something to be/have something </b><br>I presumed him to be her husband.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to accept that something is true until it is shown not to be true, especially in court<p><i><b>presume somebody/something + adjective </b><br>Twelve passengers are missing, presumed dead .</i></p><p><i>In English law, a person is presumed innocent  until proved guilty.</i></p><p><i><b>presume something </b><br>We must presume innocence until we have proof of guilt.</i></p><p><i><b>presume somebody/something to be/have something </b><br>We must presume them to be innocent until we have proof of guilt.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   presume something ( )  to accept something as true or existing and to act on that basis<p><i>The course seems to presume some previous knowledge of the subject.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   presume to do something ( )  to behave in a way that shows a lack of respect by doing something that you have no right to do<p><i>I wouldn’t presume to tell you how to run your own business.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: presumption

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that is thought to be true or probable<p><i>There is a general presumption that the doctor knows best.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  behaviour that is too confident and shows a lack of respect for other people<p><i>She was infuriated by his presumption in not consulting her first.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( law )  the act of supposing that something is true, although it has not yet been proved or is not certain<p><i>Everyone is entitled to the presumption of innocence until they are proved to be guilty.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: presumptuous

Meaning: <ul><li>  not usually before noun   too confident, in a way that shows a lack of respect for other people<p><i>Would it be presumptuous of me to ask to borrow your car?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: rational

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of behaviour, ideas, etc. )  based on reason rather than emotions<p><i>a rational argument/choice/decision</i></p><p><i>rational analysis/thought</i></p><p><i>There is no rational explanation for his actions.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  able to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions Synonym   reasonable<p><i>No rational person would ever behave like that.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: rationalism

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( philosophy ) the belief that all behaviour, opinions, etc. should be based on reason rather than on emotions or religious beliefs</li></ul>

Word: rationalize

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   rationalize (something) to find or try to find a logical reason to explain why somebody thinks, behaves, etc. in a way that is difficult to understand<p><i>an attempt to rationalize his violent behaviour</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   rationalize (something) ( )  to make changes to a business, system, etc. in order to make it more efficient, especially by spending less money<p><i>Twenty workers lost their jobs when the department was rationalized.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reassign

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>reassign somebody (to something) to give somebody a different duty, position, or responsibility<p><i>After his election defeat he was reassigned to the diplomatic service.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reassign something (to somebody/something) to give something to a different person or organization; to change the status of something<p><i>The case was reassigned to a different court.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: recommence

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( ) to begin again; to start doing something again<p><i>Work on the bridge will recommence next month.</i></p><p><i><b>recommence (doing) something </b><br>The two countries agreed to recommence talks the following week.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: recover

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   recover (from something) to get well again after being ill/sick, hurt, etc<p><i>He’s still recovering from his operation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   recover (from something) to return to a normal state after an unpleasant or unusual experience or a period of difficulty<p><i>It can take many years to recover from the death of a loved one.</i></p><p><i>The economy is at last beginning to recover.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   recover something (from somebody/something) to get back the same amount of money that you have spent or that is owed to you Synonym   recoup<p><i>He is unlikely to ever recover his legal costs.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to get back or find something that was lost, stolen or missing<p><i><b>recover something </b><br>The police eventually recovered the stolen paintings.</i></p><p><i><b>recover something from somebody/something </b><br>Six bodies were recovered from the wreckage.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   recover something to win back a position, level, status, etc. that has been lost Synonym   regain<p><i>The team recovered its lead in the second half.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to get back the use of your senses, control of your emotions, etc. Synonym   regain<p><i><b>recover something </b><br>It took her a few minutes to recover consciousness .</i></p><p><i>to recover your sight</i></p><p><i><b>recover yourself </b><br>She seemed upset but quickly recovered herself.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: recoverable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that you can get back after it has been spent or lost<p><i>Travel expenses will be recoverable from the company.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>that can be obtained from the ground<p><i>recoverable oil reserves</i></p></li></ul>

Word: recovery

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   recovery (from something) the process of becoming well again after an illness or injury<p><i>My father has made a  full recovery  from the operation.</i></p><p><i>to make a remarkable/quick/speedy/slow, etc. recovery</i></p><p><i>She is on the road to (= making progress towards) recovery .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   recovery (in something) the process of improving or becoming stronger again<p><i>The government is forecasting an economic recovery .</i></p><p><i>a recovery in consumer spending</i></p><p><i>The economy is showing signs of recovery.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   recovery (of something) the action or process of getting something back that has been lost or stolen<p><i>There is a reward for information leading to the recovery of the missing diamonds.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( recovery room   countable   ) the room in a hospital where patients are kept immediately after an operation<p><i>Your mother is now in recovery.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reveal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to make something known to somebody Synonym   disclose<p><i><b>reveal something (to somebody) </b><br>to reveal a secret</i></p><p><i>Details of the murder were revealed by the local paper.</i></p><p><i>The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.</i></p><p><i>Salted peanuts were recently revealed as the nation’s favourite snack.</i></p><p><i>Her expression revealed nothing.</i></p><p><i><b>reveal (that)… </b><br>The report reveals (that) the company made a loss of £  million last year.</i></p><p><i><b>it is revealed that… </b><br>It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.</i></p><p><i><b>reveal how, what, etc… </b><br>Officers could not reveal how he died.</i></p><p><i><b>reveal somebody/something to be/have something </b><br>Salted peanuts were recently revealed to be the nation’s favourite snack.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to show something that previously could not be seen Synonym   display<p><i><b>reveal something </b><br>He laughed, revealing a line of white teeth.</i></p><p><i>The door opened to reveal a cosy little room.</i></p><p><i>X-rays revealed a fracture.</i></p><p><i><b>reveal yourself </b><br>She crouched in the dark, too frightened to reveal herself.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: revealing

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>giving you interesting information that you did not know before<p><i>The document provided a revealing insight into the government’s priorities.</i></p><p><i>The answers the children gave were extremely revealing.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of clothes )  allowing more of somebody’s body to be seen than usual<p><i>a revealing blouse</i></p></li></ul>

Word: revelation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   revelation (about/concerning something) |  revelation (that…) a fact that people are made aware of, especially one that has been secret and is surprising Synonym   disclosure<p><i>startling/sensational revelations  about her private life</i></p><p><i>He was dismissed after revelations that confidential files were missing.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   revelation (of something) the act of making people aware of something that has been secret Synonym   disclosure<p><i>The company’s financial problems followed the revelation of a major fraud scandal.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   something that is considered to be a sign or message from God<p><i>These events were seen as a divine revelation.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: scope

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>scope something ( )  to look at or examine something thoroughly<p><i>His eyes scoped the room, trying to spot her in the crowd.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>scope something (out) ( )  to examine something carefully before you start work on it so that you know the size of the task<p><i>The information helped us scope the project.</i></p><p><i>They had already scoped out project needs and costs.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: subsidiary

Meaning: <ul><li>a business company that is owned or controlled by another larger company<p><i>She’s working for an overseas subsidiary of the company.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: subsidize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     subsidize somebody/something to give money to somebody or an organization to help pay for something; to give a subsidy  Synonym   fund    ,    uncountable  <p><i>The housing projects are subsidized by the government.</i></p><p><i>She’s not prepared to subsidize his gambling any longer.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: subsidy

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   money that is paid by a government or an organization to reduce the costs of services or of producing goods so that their prices can be kept low<p><i>agricultural subsidies</i></p><p><i>to reduce the level of subsidy</i></p></li></ul>

Word: tape

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>tape somebody/something to record somebody/something on magnetic  tape using a special machine<p><i>Will you tape that discussion programme for me tonight?</i></p><p><i>Private conversations between the two had been taped and sent to a newspaper.</i></p><p><i>a taped announcement</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>tape something (up) to fasten something by sticking or tying it with tape<p><i>Put it in a box and tape it up securely.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>tape something + adverb/preposition to stick something onto something else using sticky tape<p><i>Someone had taped a message on the door.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>tape something (up) ( )  to tie a bandage firmly around an injury or a wound<p><i>That’s a nasty cut—come on, we’ll get it all taped up.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: trace

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a mark, an object or a sign that shows that somebody/something existed or was present<p><i>It’s exciting to discover traces of earlier civilizations.</i></p><p><i>Police searched the area but found no trace of  the escaped prisoners.</i></p><p><i>Years of living in England had eliminated all trace of  her American accent.</i></p><p><i>The ship had vanished without (a) trace .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   trace of something a very small amount of something<p><i>The post-mortem revealed traces of poison in his stomach.</i></p><p><i>She spoke without a trace of bitterness.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( technical )  a line or pattern on paper or a screen that shows information that is found by a machine<p><i>The trace showed a normal heart rhythm.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   trace on somebody/something a search to find out information about the identity of somebody/something, especially what number a telephone call was made from<p><i>The police ran a trace on the call.</i></p><p><i>Detectives are doing a trace on the vehicle.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   one of the two long pieces of leather that fasten a carriage  or cart  to the horse that pulls it</li></ul>

Word: traceable

Meaning: <ul><li>traceable (to somebody/something) if something is traceable , you can find out where it came from, where it has gone, when it began or what its cause was<p><i>Most telephone calls are traceable.</i></p><p><i>a tradition that is traceable back to the   th century</i></p></li></ul>

Word: transform

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>transform something/somebody (from something) (into something) to change the form of something Synonym   convert<p><i>The photochemical reactions transform the light into electrical impulses.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>transform something/somebody (from something) (into something) to completely change the appearance or character of something, especially so that it is better<p><i>A new colour scheme will transform your bedroom.</i></p><p><i>It was an event that would transform my life.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: transformation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a complete change in somebody/something<p><i>The way in which we work has undergone a  complete transformation  in the past decade.</i></p><p><i>What a transformation! You look great.</i></p><p><i><b>transformation (from something) (to/into something) </b><br>the country’s transformation from dictatorship to democracy</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   used in South Africa to describe the process of making institutions and organizations more democratic<p><i>a lack of transformation in the private sector</i></p></li></ul>

Word: transport

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>transport something/somebody (+ adverb/preposition) to take something/somebody from one place to another in a vehicle<p><i>to transport goods/passengers</i></p><p><i>Most of our luggage was transported by sea.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>transport something (+ adverb/preposition) to move something somewhere by means of a natural process Synonym   carry<p><i>The seeds are transported by the wind.</i></p><p><i>Blood transports oxygen around the body.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>transport somebody (+ adverb/preposition) to make somebody feel that they are in a different place, time or situation<p><i>The book transports you to another world.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>transport somebody (+ adverb/preposition) (in the past) to send somebody to a far away place as a punishment<p><i>British convicts were transported to Australia for life.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: transportation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( ) =  transport<p><i>the transportation industry</i></p><p><i>public transportation (= the system of buses, trains, etc. provided for people to travel from one place to another)</i></p><p><i>The city is providing free transportation to the stadium from downtown.</i></p><p><i>the transportation of heavy loads</i></p><p><i>transportation costs</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(in the past) the act of sending criminals to a place that is far away as a form of punishment</li></ul>

Word: transporter

Meaning: <ul><li>a large vehicle used for carrying heavy objects, for example other vehicles<p><i>a car transporter</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unassigned

Meaning: <ul><li>not given to or reserved for any particular person or purpose</li></ul>

Word: unattached

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>not married or involved in a romantic relationship Synonym   single<p><i>He was still unattached at the age of   .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not connected with or belonging to a particular group or organization</li></ul>

Word: underlie

Meaning: <ul><li>,    no passive   underlie something ( )  to be the basis or cause of something see also  underlying<p><i>These ideas underlie much of his work.</i></p><p><i>It is a principle that underlies all the party’s policies.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: underlying

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly<p><i>The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited.</i></p><p><i>Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>existing under the surface of something else<p><i>the underlying rock formation</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unintelligent

Meaning: <ul><li>not intelligent<p><i>He was not unintelligent, but he was lazy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unmotivated

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>not having interest in or enthusiasm for something, especially work or study<p><i>unmotivated students</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>without a reason or motive<p><i>an unmotivated attack</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unprecedented

Meaning: <ul><li>that has never happened, been done or been known before<p><i>The situation is unprecedented in modern times.</i></p><p><i>There were unprecedented scenes of violence in the city’s main square.</i></p><p><i>a period of unprecedentedly high food prices</i></p></li></ul>

Word: utility

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   that can be used for several different purposes<p><i>an all-round utility player (= one who can play equally well in several different positions in a sport)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: utilize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     utilize something (as something) ( )  to use something, especially for a practical purpose Synonym   make use of    ,    uncountable  <p><i>The Romans were the first to utilize concrete as a building material.</i></p><p><i>The resources at our disposal could have been better utilized.</i></p><p><i>Vitamin C helps the body utilize the iron present in your body.</i></p><p><i>the utilization of resources</i></p></li></ul>

Word: adapt

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to change something in order to make it suitable for a new use or situation Synonym   modify<p><i><b>adapt something </b><br>These styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes.</i></p><p><i><b>adapt something for something </b><br>Most of these tools have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to change your behaviour in order to deal more successfully with a new situation Synonym   adjust<p><i>It’s amazing how soon you adapt.</i></p><p><i>The organisms were forced to adapt in order to survive.</i></p><p><i><b>adapt to something </b><br>We have had to adapt quickly to the new system.</i></p><p><i>A large organization can be slow to adapt to change.</i></p><p><i><b>adapt yourself to something </b><br>It took him a while to adapt himself to his new surroundings.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   adapt something (for something) (from something) to change a book or play so that it can be made into a play, film/movie, television programme, etc<p><i>Three of her novels have been adapted for television.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: adaptable

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) able to change or be changed in order to deal successfully with new situations   uncountable  <p><i>Older workers can be as adaptable and quick to learn as anyone else.</i></p><p><i>Successful businesses are highly adaptable to economic change.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: adaptation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a film/movie, book or play that is based on a particular piece of work but that has been changed for a new situation<p><i>a screen adaptation of Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of changing something, for example your behaviour, to suit a new situation<p><i>the adaptation of desert species to the hot conditions</i></p></li></ul>

Word: adaptive

Meaning: <ul><li>( technical ) concerned with changing; able to change when necessary in order to deal with different situations</li></ul>

Word: adult

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>fully grown or developed<p><i>preparing young people for adult life</i></p><p><i>the adult population</i></p><p><i>adult monkeys</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>behaving in an intelligent and responsible way; typical of what is expected of an adult Synonym   grown-up<p><i>When my parents split up, it was all very adult and open.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   intended for adults only, because it is about sex or contains violence<p><i>an adult movie</i></p></li></ul>

Word: adulthood

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the state of being an adult<p><i>a child reaching adulthood</i></p></li></ul>

Word: advocacy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>advocacy (of something) ( )  the giving of public support to an idea, a course of action or a belief<p><i>He won the Peace Prize for his advocacy of non-violent protest.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical )  the work of lawyers who speak about cases in court</li></ul>

Word: advocate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person who supports or speaks in favour of somebody or of a public plan or action see also  devil’s advocate<p><i><b>advocate (for something/somebody) </b><br>an advocate for hospital workers</i></p><p><i><b>advocate (of something/somebody) </b><br>a staunch advocate of free speech</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who defends somebody in court</li><li><b> . </b>(in Scotland) a lawyer who has the right to argue cases in higher courts</li></ul>

Word: aid

Meaning: <ul><li>    intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to help somebody/something to do something, especially by making it easier Synonym   assist    ( law )  to help somebody to do something illegal or wrong<p><i><b>aid (somebody/something) in something/in doing something </b><br>The new test should aid in the early detection of the disease.</i></p><p><i><b>aid somebody (to do something) </b><br>This feature is designed to aid inexperienced users.</i></p><p><i><b>aid something </b><br>Aided by heat and strong winds, the fire quickly spread.</i></p><p><i>Some perfumes aid restful sleep.</i></p><p><i>They were accused of aiding his escape.</i></p><p><i><b>aid somebody/something in something/in doing something </b><br>They were accused of aiding him in his escape.</i></p><p><i><b>aid somebody (with something) </b><br>Words will be displayed around the room to aid students with spelling.</i></p><p><i>She stands accused of aiding and abetting the crime.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: channel

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>channel something (into something) to direct money, feelings, ideas, etc. towards a particular thing or purpose<p><i>He channels his aggression into sport.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>channel something (through something) to send money, help, etc. using a particular route<p><i>Money for the project will be channelled through local government.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>channel something to carry or send water, light, etc. through a passage<p><i>A sensor channels the light signal along an optical fibre.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: chemical

Meaning: <ul><li>  a substance obtained by or used in a chemical process<p><i>Farmers are being urged to reduce their use of chemicals and work with nature to combat pests.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: chemical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with chemistry<p><i>a chemical element</i></p><p><i>the chemical industry</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>produced by or using processes which involve changes to atoms or molecules<p><i>chemical reactions/processes</i></p></li></ul>

Word: classic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a book, film/movie or song which is well known and considered to be of very high quality, setting standards for other books, etc<p><i>English classics such as ‘Alice in Wonderland’</i></p><p><i>The novel may become a modern classic.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a thing that is an excellent example of its kind<p><i>That match was a classic.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, especially their languages and literature<p><i>a degree in Classics</i></p></li></ul>

Word: classical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>widely accepted and used for a long time; traditional in style or idea<p><i>the classical economics of Smith and Ricardo</i></p><p><i>the classical theory of unemployment</i></p><p><i>classical and modern ballet</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with or influenced by the culture of ancient Greece and Rome<p><i>classical studies</i></p><p><i>a classical scholar (= an expert in Latin and Greek)</i></p><p><i>classical architecture</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of music )  written in a Western musical tradition, usually using an established form (for example a symphony  ) and not played on electronic instruments.Classical  music is generally considered to be serious and to have a lasting value<p><i>He plays classical music, as well as pop and jazz.</i></p><p><i>a classical composer/violinist</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>=  classic<p><i>These are classical examples of food allergy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a language )  ancient in its form and no longer used in a spoken form<p><i>classical Arabic</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>simple and attractive<p><i>the classical elegance of the design</i></p></li></ul>

Word: comprehensive

Meaning: <ul><li>( comprehensive school ) ( comp ) (in Britain) a secondary school  for young people of all levels of ability</li></ul>

Word: comprehensively

Meaning: <ul><li>completely; thoroughly<p><i>They were comprehensively beaten in the final.</i></p><p><i>The matter has been comprehensively discussed.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: comprehensive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>including all, or almost all, the items, details, facts, information, etc, that may be concerned Synonym   complete   ,  full    ,<p><i>a comprehensive list of addresses</i></p><p><i>a comprehensive study</i></p><p><i>comprehensive insurance (= covering all risks)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( of education )  designed for students of all abilities in the same school</li></ul>

Word: comprise

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>comprise something to have somebody/something as parts or members Synonym   consist of<p><i>The collection comprises     paintings.</i></p><p><i>The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>comprise something to be the parts or members that form something Synonym   make something up<p><i>Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: confirm

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to state or show that something is definitely true or correct, especially by providing evidence<p><i><b>confirm something </b><br>Rumours of job losses were later confirmed</i></p><p><i>His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.</i></p><p><i>Please write to confirm your reservation (= say that it is definite) .</i></p><p><i><b>confirm (that)… </b><br>Has everyone confirmed (that) they’re coming?</i></p><p><i><b>confirm what/when, etc… </b><br>Can you confirm what happened?</i></p><p><i><b>it is confirmed that… </b><br>It has been confirmed that the meeting will take place next week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>confirm something |  confirm somebody (in something) to make somebody feel or believe something even more strongly<p><i>The walk in the mountains confirmed his fear of heights.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to make a position, an agreement, etc. more definite or official; to establish somebody/something firmly<p><i><b>confirm something </b><br>After a six-month probationary period, her position was confirmed.</i></p><p><i><b>confirm somebody as something </b><br>He was confirmed as captain for the rest of the season.</i></p><p><i><b>confirm somebody in something </b><br>I’m very happy to confirm you in your post.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   confirm somebody to make somebody a full member of the Christian Church<p><i>She was baptized when she was a month old and confirmed when she was thirteen.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: confirmation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a statement, letter, etc. that shows that something is true, correct or definite<p><i>I’m still waiting for confirmation of the test results.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a ceremony at which a person becomes a full member of the Christian Church<p><i>a confirmation service</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a Jewish ceremony similar to a bar mitzvah  or bat mitzvah  but usually for young people over the age of   </li></ul>

Word: contrary

Meaning: <ul><li>( ,  ) ( usually of children )  behaving badly; choosing to do or say the opposite of what is expected see also  contrary       uncountable  <p><i>She was such a contrary child—it was impossible to please her.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conversion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   conversion (from something) (into/to something) the act or process of changing something from one form, use or system to another<p><i>the conversion of farm buildings into family homes</i></p><p><i>Conversion to gas central heating will save you a lot of money.</i></p><p><i>No conversion from analogue to digital data is needed.</i></p><p><i>a metric conversion table (= showing how to change metric  amounts into or out of another system)</i></p><p><i>a firm which specializes in house conversions (= turning large houses into several smaller flats/apartments)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   conversion (from something) (to something) the process or experience of changing your religion or beliefs<p><i>the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons by Christian missionaries</i></p><p><i>his conversion from Judaism to Christianity</i></p><p><i>Late in life she experienced a religious conversion.</i></p><p><i>She began by supporting monetarist economics, but later underwent quite a conversion when she saw how it increased unemployment.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a way of scoring extra points after scoring a try  or a touchdown</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a building or room that has been changed so that it can be used for a different purpose, especially for living in</li></ul>

Word: convert

Meaning: <ul><li>convert (from something) (to something) a person who has changed their religion, beliefs or opinions<p><i>a convert to Islam</i></p><p><i>converts from other faiths</i></p><p><i>a convert to the cause</i></p></li></ul>

Word: convertible

Meaning: <ul><li>that can be changed to a different form or use   uncountable  <p><i>a convertible sofa (= one that can be used as a bed)</i></p><p><i>convertible currencies (= ones that can be exchanged for those of other countries)</i></p><p><i><b>convertible into/to something </b><br>The bonds are convertible into ordinary shares.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: convertible

Meaning: <ul><li>a car with a roof that can be folded down or taken off</li></ul>

Word: couple

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  singular + singular or plural verb   couple (of something) two people or things<p><i>I saw a couple of men get out.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular + singular or plural verb   couple (of something) a small number of people or things Synonym   a few<p><i>a couple of minutes</i></p><p><i>We went there a couple of years ago.</i></p><p><i>I’ve seen her a couple of times before.</i></p><p><i>I’ll be with you in a minute. There are a couple of things I have to do first.</i></p><p><i>There are a couple more files to read first.</i></p><p><i>We can do it in the next couple of  weeks.</i></p><p><i>The last couple of  years have been difficult.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   two people who are seen together, especially if they are married or in a romantic or sexual relationship<p><i>married couples</i></p><p><i>a young/an elderly couple</i></p><p><i>Several couples were on the dance floor.</i></p><p><i>The couple was/were married in  0 .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: couple

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  usually passive   to join together two parts of something, for example two vehicles or pieces of equipment<p><i><b>couple A and B together </b><br>The two train cars had been coupled together.</i></p><p><i><b>couple A (to B) </b><br>CDTV uses a CD-ROM system that is coupled to a powerful computer.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( ) ( of two people or animals )  to have sex</li></ul>

Word: coupling

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually singular   an action of joining or combining two things<p><i>a coupling of Mozart’s Prague Symphony and Schubert’s Unfinished Symphony (= for example, on the same CD)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  an act of having sex<p><i>illicit couplings</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical )  a thing that joins together two parts of something, two vehicles or two pieces of equipment</li></ul>

Word: decade

Meaning: <ul><li>  a period of ten years, especially a continuous period, such as    0–     or  000– 0 </li></ul>

Word: definite

Meaning: <ul><li>  singular   ( )  something that you are certain about or that you know will happen; somebody who is sure to do something<p><i>‘We’re moving our office to Glasgow.’ ‘That’s a definite, is it?’</i></p><p><i>‘Is Sarah coming to the party?’ ‘Yes, she’s a definite.’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: definitely

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  a way of emphasizing that something is true and that there is no doubt about it<p><i>I definitely remember sending the letter.</i></p><p><i>‘Was it what you expected?’ ‘Yes, definitely.’</i></p><p><i>‘Do you plan to have children?’ ‘Definitely not!’</i></p><p><i>Some old people want help; others most definitely do not.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in a way that is certain or that shows that you are certain<p><i>The date of the move has not been definitely decided yet (= it may change) .</i></p><p><i>Please say definitely whether you will be coming or not.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: definitive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>final; not able to be changed<p><i>a definitive agreement/answer/statement</i></p><p><i>The definitive version  of the text is ready to be published.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   considered to be the best of its kind and almost impossible to improve<p><i>the definitive biography of Einstein</i></p><p><i>the definitive guide to the golf courses of Europe</i></p></li></ul>

Word: deniable

Meaning: <ul><li>that can be denied Opposite   undeniable</li></ul>

Word: denial

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   denial (of something/that…) a statement that says something is not true or does not exist<p><i>the prisoner’s repeated denials of the charges against him</i></p><p><i>The terrorists issued a denial of responsibility for the attack.</i></p><p><i>an official denial that there would be an election before the end of the year</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   (a) denial of something a refusal to allow somebody to have something they have a right to expect<p><i>the denial of basic human rights</i></p><p><i>The advertising ban is a denial of freedom of speech.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( psychology )  a refusal to accept that something unpleasant or painful is true<p><i>The patient is still in denial .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: deny

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to say that something is not true<p><i><b>deny something </b><br>to deny a claim/a charge/an accusation</i></p><p><i>The spokesman refused either to confirm or deny the reports.</i></p><p><i><b>deny (that)… </b><br>She denied (that) there had been any cover-up.</i></p><p><i>There’s no denying  (the fact) that  quicker action could have saved them.</i></p><p><i><b>it is denied that… </b><br>It can’t be denied that  we need to devote more resources to this problem.</i></p><p><i><b>deny doing something </b><br>He denies attempting to murder his wife.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>deny something to refuse to admit or accept something<p><i>She denied all knowledge of the incident.</i></p><p><i>The department denies responsibility for what occurred.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  to refuse to allow somebody to have something that they want or ask for<p><i><b>deny somebody something </b><br>They were denied access to the information.</i></p><p><i><b>deny something to somebody </b><br>Access to the information was denied to them.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>deny yourself (something) ( )  to refuse to let yourself have something that you would like to have, especially for moral or religious reasons</li></ul>

Word: differentiate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to recognize or show that two things are not the same Synonym   distinguish<p><i><b>differentiate (between) A and B </b><br>It’s difficult to differentiate between the two varieties.</i></p><p><i><b>differentiate A (from B) </b><br>I can’t differentiate one variety from another.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   differentiate something (from something) to be the particular thing that shows that things or people are not the same Synonym   distinguish<p><i>The male’s yellow beak differentiates it from the female.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   differentiate between A and B to treat people or things in a different way, especially in an unfair way Synonym   discriminate</li></ul>

Word: disposable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>made to be thrown away after use<p><i>disposable gloves/razors</i></p><p><i>disposable nappies</i></p><p><i>disposable diapers</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( finance )  available for use<p><i>disposable assets/capital/resources</i></p><p><i>a person’s disposable income (= money they are free to spend after paying taxes, etc.)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: disposal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of getting rid of something<p><i>a bomb disposal squad</i></p><p><i>sewage disposal systems</i></p><p><i>the disposal of nuclear waste</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( business )  the sale of part of a business, property, etc<p><i>The next step is to think about disposal of your assets.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ) =  waste-disposal unit</li></ul>

Word: dispose

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>dispose something/somebody + adverb/preposition to arrange things or people in a particular way or position</li><li><b> . </b>dispose somebody to/toward(s) something |  dispose somebody to do something to make somebody behave in a particular way<p><i>a drug that disposes the patient towards sleep</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to get rid of somebody/something that you do not want or cannot keep<p><i>the difficulties of disposing of nuclear waste</i></p><p><i>to dispose of stolen property</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to deal with a problem, question or threat successfully<p><i>That seems to have disposed of most of their arguments.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to defeat or kill somebody<p><i>It took her a mere   minutes to dispose of her opponent.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: disposed

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>disposed (to do something) willing or prepared to do something<p><i>I’m not disposed to argue.</i></p><p><i>You’re most welcome to join us if you feel so disposed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( following an adverb )  disposed to/towards somebody/something having a good/bad opinion of a person or thing<p><i>She seems favourably disposed to the move.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: dynamic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( ) ( of a person )  having a lot of energy and a strong personality<p><i>a dynamic leader</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a process )  always changing and making progress Opposite   static</li><li><b> . </b>( physics ) ( of a force or power )  producing movement Opposite   static</li><li><b> . </b>( linguistics ) ( of verbs )  describing an action rather than a state.Dynamic  verbs (for example eat , grow , knock , die ) can be used in the progressive tenses. compare  stative</li></ul>

Word: eliminate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to remove or get rid of something/somebody<p><i><b>eliminate something/somebody </b><br>Credit cards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash.</i></p><p><i><b>eliminate something/somebody from something </b><br>The police have eliminated two suspects from their investigation.</i></p><p><i>This diet claims to eliminate toxins from the body.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>eliminate somebody (from something)   usually passive   to defeat a person or a team so that they no longer take part in a competition, etc. Synonym   knock out<p><i>All the English teams were eliminated in the early stages of the competition.</i></p><p><i>She was eliminated from the tournament in the first round.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>eliminate somebody ( )  to kill somebody, especially an enemy or opponent<p><i>Most of the regime’s left-wing opponents were eliminated.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: empirical

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   ( )  based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories Opposite   theoretical<p><i>empirical evidence/knowledge/research</i></p><p><i>an empirical study</i></p><p><i>Such claims need to be tested empirically.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: empiricism

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( philosophy ) the use of experiments or experience as the basis for your ideas; the belief in these methods<p><i>an empiricist theory</i></p><p><i>the English empiricist, John Locke</i></p></li></ul>

Word: equip

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to provide yourself/somebody/something with the things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity Synonym   kit out<p><i><b>equip something </b><br>to be fully/poorly equipped</i></p><p><i>She got a bank loan to rent and equip a small workshop.</i></p><p><i><b>equip yourself/somebody/something (with something) (for something) </b><br>He equipped himself with a street plan.</i></p><p><i>The centre is well equipped  for canoeing and mountaineering.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>equip somebody (for something) |  equip somebody (to do something) to prepare somebody for an activity or task, especially by teaching them what they need to know<p><i>The course is designed to equip students for a career in nursing.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: equipment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity<p><i>a useful piece of equipment  for the kitchen</i></p><p><i>office equipment</i></p><p><i>new equipment for the sports club</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the process of providing a place or person with necessary things<p><i>The equipment of the photographic studio was expensive.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: extract

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>extract something (from somebody/something) to remove or obtain a substance from something, for example by using an industrial or a chemical process<p><i>a machine that extracts excess moisture from the air</i></p><p><i>to extract essential oils from plants</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>extract something (from somebody/something) to obtain information, money, etc, often by taking it from somebody who is unwilling to give it<p><i>Journalists managed to extract all kinds of information about her private life.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>extract something (from somebody/something) to choose information, etc. from a book, a computer, etc. to be used for a particular purpose<p><i>This article is extracted from his new book.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>extract something (from somebody/something) ( technical )  to take or pull something out, especially when this needs force or effort<p><i>The dentist may decide that the wisdom teeth need to be extracted.</i></p><p><i>He rifled through his briefcase and extracted a file.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>extract something (from somebody/something) ( )  to get a particular feeling or quality from a situation Synonym   derive<p><i>They are unlikely to extract much benefit from the trip.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: extraction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act or process of removing or obtaining something from something else<p><i>oil/mineral/coal, etc. extraction</i></p><p><i>the extraction of salt from the sea</i></p><p><i>Commercial peat extraction is destroying many threatened habitats.</i></p><p><i>Methods of extraction vary from mine to mine.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   of… extraction ( )  having a particular family origin<p><i>an American of Hungarian extraction</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( technical )  the removal of a tooth<p><i>I didn’t like having my teeth drilled but extractions were infinitely worse.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: file

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to put and keep documents, etc. in a particular place and in a particular order so that you can find them easily; to put a document into a file<p><i><b>file something (+ adverb/preposition) </b><br>The forms should be filed alphabetically.</i></p><p><i>Please file it in my ‘Research’ file.</i></p><p><i><b>file something away </b><br>I filed the letters away in a drawer.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( law )  to present something so that it can be officially recorded and dealt with<p><i><b>file for something </b><br>to file for divorce</i></p><p><i><b>file something </b><br>to file a claim/complaint/petition/lawsuit</i></p><p><i><b>file to do something </b><br>He filed to divorce his wife.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   file something ( of a journalist )  to send a report or a story to your employer</li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   + adverb/preposition to walk in a line of people, one after the other, in a particular direction<p><i>The doors of the museum opened and the visitors began to file in.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   file something (away/down, etc.) to cut or shape something or make something smooth using a file<p><i>to file your nails</i></p></li></ul>

Word: finite

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>having a definite limit or fixed size Opposite   infinite<p><i>a finite number of possibilities</i></p><p><i>The world’s resources are finite.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( grammar )  a finite  verb form or clause shows a particular tense, person  and number  Opposite   non-finite<p><i>‘Am’, ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘was’ and ‘were’ are the finite forms of ‘be’; ‘being’, and ‘been’ are the non-finite forms.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: foundation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   a layer of bricks, concrete, etc. that forms the solid underground base of a building<p><i>The builders are now beginning to lay the foundations  of the new school.</i></p><p><i>The explosion shook the foundations of the houses nearby.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a principle, an idea or a fact that something is based on and that it grows from<p><i>Respect and friendship provide a solid foundation  for marriage.</i></p><p><i>The rumour is totally without foundation (= not based on any facts) .</i></p><p><i>These stories have no foundation (= are not based on any facts) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an organization that is established to provide money for a particular purpose, for example for scientific research or charity<p><i>The money will go to the San Francisco AIDS Foundation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of starting a new institution or organization Synonym   establishment<p><i>The organization has grown enormously since its foundation in     .</i></p><p><i>She used the money to go towards the foundation of a special research group.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a skin-coloured cream that is put on the face underneath other make-up</li></ul>

Word: global

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>covering or affecting the whole world<p><i>global issues</i></p><p><i>The commission is calling for a global ban on whaling.</i></p><p><i>the company’s domestic and global markets</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>considering or including all parts of something<p><i>We need to take a more global approach to the problem.</i></p><p><i>global searches on the database</i></p><p><i>They sent a global email to all staff.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: globalization

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )       uncountable   the fact that different cultures and economic systems around the world are becoming connected and similar to each other because of the influence of large multinational  companies and of improved communication</li></ul>

Word: globe

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   an object shaped like a ball with a map of the world on its surface, usually on a stand so that it can be turned</li><li><b> . </b>  singular   the world (used especially to emphasize its size)<p><i>tourists from every corner of the globe</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a thing shaped like a ball</li></ul>

Word: grade

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  often passive   to arrange people or things in groups according to their ability, quality, size, etc<p><i><b>grade something/somebody (by/according to something) </b><br>The containers are graded according to size.</i></p><p><i><b>grade something/somebody from… to… </b><br>Eggs are graded from small to extra large.</i></p><p><i>Responses were graded from   (very satisfied) to   (not at all satisfied).</i></p><p><i><b>grade something (as) something </b><br>Ten beaches were graded as acceptable.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  to give a mark/grade to a student or to a piece of their written work compare  mark<p><i><b>grade somebody/something </b><br>I spent all weekend grading papers.</i></p><p><i><b>grade somebody/something + noun </b><br>The best students are graded A.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: graded

Meaning: <ul><li>arranged in order or in groups according to difficulty, size, etc<p><i>graded tests for language students</i></p><p><i>graded doses of a drug</i></p></li></ul>

Word: guarantee

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to promise to do something; to promise something will happen<p><i><b>guarantee something </b><br>Basic human rights, including freedom of speech, are now guaranteed.</i></p><p><i><b>guarantee (that)… </b><br>We cannot guarantee (that) our flights will never be delayed.</i></p><p><i><b>guarantee somebody something </b><br>The ticket will guarantee you free entry.</i></p><p><i><b>guarantee to do something </b><br>We guarantee to deliver your goods within a week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>guarantee something (against something) to give a written promise to replace or repair a product free if it goes wrong<p><i>This iron is guaranteed for a year against faulty workmanship.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to make something certain to happen<p><i><b>guarantee something </b><br>Tonight’s victory guarantees the team’s place in the final.</i></p><p><i><b>guarantee somebody something </b><br>These days getting a degree doesn’t guarantee you a job.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>guarantee (that)… to be certain that something will happen<p><i>You can guarantee (that) the children will start being naughty as soon as they have to go to bed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to agree to be legally responsible for something or for doing something, especially for paying back money that somebody else owes if they cannot pay it back themselves<p><i><b>guarantee something </b><br>to guarantee a bank loan</i></p><p><i><b>guarantee to do something </b><br>to guarantee to pay somebody’s debts</i></p><p><i><b>guarantee that… </b><br>I guarantee that he will appear in court.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: hierarchical

Meaning: <ul><li>arranged in a hierarchy<p><i>a hierarchical society/structure/organization</i></p></li></ul>

Word: hierarchy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a system, especially in a society or an organization, in which people are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest<p><i>the social/political hierarchy</i></p><p><i>She’s quite high up in the management hierarchy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   the group of people in control of a large organization or institution</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a system that ideas or beliefs can be arranged into<p><i>a hierarchy of needs</i></p></li></ul>

Word: identical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>similar in every detail<p><i>a row of identical houses</i></p><p><i>The two pictures are similar, although not identical.</i></p><p><i><b>identical to somebody/something </b><br>Her dress is almost identical to mine.</i></p><p><i><b>identical with somebody/something </b><br>The number on the card should be identical with the one on the chequebook.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   the same<p><i>This is the identical room we stayed in last year.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ideology

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on<p><i>Marxist/capitalist ideology</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a set of beliefs, especially one held by a particular group, that influences the way people behave<p><i>the ideology of gender roles</i></p><p><i>alternative ideologies</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indefinite

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>lasting for a period of time that has no fixed end<p><i>She will be away for the indefinite future.</i></p><p><i>The workers have been on indefinite strike since July.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not clearly defined Synonym   imprecise<p><i>an indefinite science</i></p></li></ul>

Word: indefinitely

Meaning: <ul><li>for a period of time with no fixed limit<p><i>The trial was postponed indefinitely.</i></p><p><i>Although we build things to last, we don’t expect them to last indefinitely.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: infer

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to reach an opinion or decide that something is true on the basis of information that is available Synonym   deduce<p><i><b>infer something (from something) </b><br>Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context.</i></p><p><i>Readers are left to infer the killer’s motives.</i></p><p><i><b>infer that… </b><br>It is reasonable to infer that the government knew about these deals.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>infer (that)… |  infer something ( )  to suggest indirectly that something is true<p><i>Are you inferring (that) I’m not capable of doing the job?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inference

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that you can find out indirectly from what you already know Synonym   deduction<p><i>to draw/make inferences  from the data</i></p><p><i>The clear inference is that the universe is expanding.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act or process of forming an opinion, based on what you already know<p><i>If he is guilty then, by inference , so is his wife (= it is logical to think so, from the same evidence) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: infinite

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>something that has no end</li><li><b> . </b>God</li></ul>

Word: infinitely

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( used especially in comparisons )  very much<p><i>Your English is infinitely better than my German.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>extremely; with no limit<p><i>Human beings are infinitely adaptable.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: innovate

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive ,  transitive   to introduce new things, ideas, or ways of doing something<p><i>We must constantly adapt and innovate to ensure success in a growing market.</i></p><p><i><b>innovate something </b><br>to innovate new products</i></p></li></ul>

Word: innovation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   innovation (in something) the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something<p><i>an age of technological innovation</i></p><p><i>The company is very interested in product design and innovation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   innovation (in something) a new idea, way of doing something, etc. that has been introduced or discovered<p><i>recent innovations in steel-making technology</i></p></li></ul>

Word: innovative

Meaning: <ul><li>( innovatory ) ( ) introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing something, etc<p><i>There will be a prize for the most innovative design.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: insert

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an extra section added to a book, newspaper or magazine, especially to advertise something<p><i>an  -page insert on the new car models</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>something that is put inside something else, or added to something else<p><i>These inserts fit inside any style of shoe.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: insertion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   insertion (in/into something) the act of putting something inside something else; a thing that is put inside something else<p><i>An examination is carried out before the insertion of the tube.</i></p><p><i>Acupuncture involves the insertion of needles into specific points of the body.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a thing that is added to a book, piece of writing, etc; the act of adding something<p><i>the insertion of an extra paragraph</i></p></li></ul>

Word: intervene

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to become involved in a situation in order to improve or help it<p><i>She might have been killed if the neighbours hadn’t intervened.</i></p><p><i><b>intervene in something </b><br>The President intervened personally in the crisis.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   (+ speech) to interrupt somebody when they are speaking in order to say something<p><i>‘But,’ she intervened, ‘what about the others?’</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to happen in a way that delays something or prevents it from happening<p><i>They were planning to get married and then the war intervened.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( )  to exist between two events or places<p><i>I saw nothing of her during the years that intervened.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: invisible

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that cannot be seen Opposite   visible<p><i>a wizard who could make himself invisible</i></p><p><i>She felt invisible in the crowd.</i></p><p><i><b>invisible to somebody/something </b><br>stars invisible to the naked eye</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( economics )  connected with a service that a country provides, such as banks or tourism , rather than goods<p><i>invisible earnings</i></p></li></ul>

Word: irreversible

Meaning: <ul><li>that cannot be changed back to what it was before Opposite   reversible<p><i>an irreversible change/decline/decision</i></p><p><i>irreversible brain damage (= that will not improve)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: isolate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to separate somebody/something physically or socially from other people or things<p><i><b>isolate somebody/yourself/something </b><br>Patients with the disease should be isolated.</i></p><p><i><b>isolate somebody/yourself/something from somebody/something </b><br>He was immediately isolated from the other prisoners.</i></p><p><i>This decision will isolate the country from the rest of Europe.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>isolate something (from something) ( )  to separate a part of a situation, problem, idea, etc. so that you can see what it is and deal with it separately<p><i>It is possible to isolate a number of factors that contributed to her downfall.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>isolate something (from something) ( technical )  to separate a single substance, cell, etc. from others so that you can study it<p><i>Researchers are still trying to isolate the gene that causes this abnormality.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: isolated

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of buildings and places )  far away from any others Synonym   remote<p><i>isolated rural areas</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>without much contact with other people or other countries<p><i>I felt very isolated in my new job.</i></p><p><i>Elderly people easily become socially isolated.</i></p><p><i>The decision left the country isolated from its allies.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>single; happening once<p><i>The police said the attack was an isolated incident.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: isolation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the act of separating somebody/something; the state of being separate<p><i>geographical isolation</i></p><p><i>an isolation hospital/ward (= for people with infectious diseases)</i></p><p><i><b>isolation (from somebody/something) </b><br>The country has been threatened with complete isolation from the international community unless the atrocities stop.</i></p><p><i>He lives in splendid isolation (= far from, or in a superior position to, everyone else) .</i></p><p><i>the isolation of the polio virus</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>isolation (from somebody/something) the state of being alone or lonely<p><i>Many unemployed people experience feelings of isolation and depression.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: isolationism

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the policy of not becoming involved in the affairs of other countries or groups ,<p><i>an isolationist foreign policy</i></p></li></ul>

Word: media

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable + singular or plural verb   the main ways that large numbers of people receive information and entertainment, that is television, radio, newspapers and the Internet see also  mass media  ,  new media   ,<p><i>the news/broadcasting/national media</i></p><p><i>The trial was fully reported in the media.</i></p><p><i>The media was/were accused of influencing the final decision.</i></p><p><i>Any event attended by the actor received widespread media coverage .</i></p><p><i>He became a media star for his part in the protests.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>plural  of  medium</li></ul>

Word: mode

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a particular way of doing something; a particular type of something<p><i>a mode of communication</i></p><p><i>a mode of behaviour</i></p><p><i>environment-friendly modes of transport</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the way in which a piece of equipment is set to perform a particular task<p><i>Switch the camera into the automatic mode.</i></p><p><i>You can also use this computer game in two-player mode.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a particular way of feeling or behaving<p><i>to be in holiday mode</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a particular style or fashion in clothes, art, etc see also  à la mode  ,  modish   ,<p><i>a pop video made by a director who really understands the mode</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   ( technical )  a set of notes in music which form a scale<p><i>major/minor mode</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   ( mathematics )  the value that appears most frequently in a series of numbers</li></ul>

Word: paradigm

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( technical )  a typical example or pattern of something<p><i>a paradigm for students to copy</i></p><p><i>The war was a paradigm of the destructive side of human nature.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( grammar )  a set of all the different forms of a word<p><i>verb paradigms</i></p></li></ul>

Word: phenomenal

Meaning: <ul><li>very great or impressive Synonym   extraordinary<p><i>The product has been a phenomenal success.</i></p><p><i>The company has seen phenomenal growth.</i></p><p><i>The response to the appeal has been phenomenal.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: phenomenon

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood<p><i>cultural/natural/social phenomena</i></p><p><i>Globalization is a phenomenon of the   st century.</i></p><p><i>Early retirement is a relatively new phenomenon in Britain.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person or thing that is very successful or impressive</li></ul>

Word: prioritize

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   prioritize (something) to put tasks, problems, etc. in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important first<p><i>You should make a list of all the jobs you have to do and prioritize them.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   prioritize something ( )  to treat something as being more important than other things<p><i>The organization was formed to prioritize the needs of older people.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: priority

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that you think is more important than other things and should be dealt with first<p><i>a high/low priority</i></p><p><i>Education is a top priority .</i></p><p><i>Our first priority  is to improve standards.</i></p><p><i>Financial security was high on his list of priorities .</i></p><p><i>You need to get your priorities right (= decide what is important to you) .</i></p><p><i>You need to get your priorities straight .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   priority (over something) the most important place among various things that have to be done or among a group of people Synonym   precedence<p><i>Club members will be given priority .</i></p><p><i>The search for a new vaccine will take priority over  all other medical research.</i></p><p><i>Priority cases, such as homeless families, get dealt with first.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the right of a vehicle to go before other traffic at a particular place on a road Synonym   right of way<p><i>Buses have priority at this junction.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: prohibit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  often passive   to stop something from being done or used especially by law Synonym   forbid<p><i><b>prohibit something </b><br>a law prohibiting the sale of alcohol</i></p><p><i><b>prohibit somebody from doing something </b><br>Soviet citizens were prohibited from travelling abroad.</i></p><p><i><b>prohibit (somebody) doing something </b><br>The policy prohibits smoking on school grounds.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>prohibit something / somebody from doing something to make something impossible to do Synonym   prevent<p><i>The high cost of equipment prohibits many people from taking up this sport.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: prohibition

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the act of stopping something being done or used, especially by law<p><i>the prohibition of smoking in public areas</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   prohibition (against/on something) ( )  a law or a rule that stops something being done or used<p><i>a prohibition against selling alcohol to people under the age of   </i></p><p><i>prohibitions on the possession of dangerous weapons</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   (in the US) the period of time from     to      when it was illegal to make and sell alcoholic drinks</li></ul>

Word: prohibitive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of a price or a cost )  so high that it prevents people from buying something or doing something Synonym   exorbitant<p><i>prohibitive costs</i></p><p><i>a prohibitive tax on imported cars</i></p><p><i>The price of property in the city is prohibitive.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>preventing people from doing something by law<p><i>prohibitive legislation</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( of a person taking part in an election or a competition )  extremely likely to win<p><i>Miami began the day a prohibitive Super Bowl favorite.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: publication

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of printing a book, a magazine, etc. and making it available to the public; a book, a magazine, etc. that has been published<p><i>the publication date</i></p><p><i>the publication of his first novel</i></p><p><i>specialist publications</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of printing something in a newspaper, report, etc. so that the public knows about it<p><i>a delay in the publication of the exam results</i></p><p><i>The newspaper continues to defend its publication of the photographs.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: quotation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( ) ( quote )   countable   a group of words or a short piece of writing taken from a book, play, speech, etc. and repeated because it is interesting or useful see also  misquotation<p><i>The book began with a quotation from Goethe.</i></p><p><i>a dictionary of quotations</i></p><p><i>Two short quotations will illustrate my point.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of repeating something interesting or useful that another person has written or said<p><i>The writer illustrates his point by quotation from a number of sources.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( ) ( quote ) a statement of how much money a particular piece of work will cost Synonym   estimate<p><i>You need to get a written quotation before they start work.</i></p><p><i>We’ll give you a free quotation for replacing your windows.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( finance )  a statement of the current value of goods or shares<p><i>the latest quotations from the Stock Exchange</i></p></li></ul>

Word: quote

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>=  quotation  (   )   ( )<p><i>The essay was full of quotes.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>=  quotation  (   )   ( )<p><i>Their quote for the job was way too high.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   =  quotation marks<p><i>If you take text from other sources, place it in quotes .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: release

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   release (of somebody) (from something) the act of setting a person or an animal free; the state of being set free<p><i>The government has been working to secure the release of the hostages.</i></p><p><i>She can expect an early release from prison.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the act of making something available to the public<p><i>The new software is planned for release in April.</i></p><p><i>The movie goes on  general release (= will be widely shown in cinemas/movie theaters)  next week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a thing that is made available to the public, especially a new CD or film/movie<p><i>the latest new releases</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of letting a gas, chemical, etc. come out of the container where it has been safely held<p><i>the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere</i></p><p><i>to monitor radiation releases</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the feeling that you are free from pain, anxiety or some other unpleasant feeling<p><i>a sense of release after the exam</i></p><p><i>I think her death was a merciful release.</i></p><p><i>It’s just a release of tension.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reversal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   reversal (of something) a change of something so that it is the opposite of what it was<p><i>a complete/dramatic/sudden reversal  of policy</i></p><p><i>the reversal of a decision</i></p><p><i>The government suffered a total reversal of fortune(s)  last week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a change from being successful to having problems or being defeated<p><i>the team’s recent reversal</i></p><p><i>The company’s financial problems were only a temporary reversal.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   an exchange of positions or functions between two or more people<p><i>It’s a complete role reversal/reversal of roles (= for example when a husband cares for the house and children while the wife works) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reverse

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>opposite to what has been mentioned<p><i>to travel in the reverse direction</i></p><p><i>The winners were announced in reverse order (= the person in the lowest place was announced first) .</i></p><p><i>The experiment had the reverse effect to what was intended.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>opposite to the front<p><i>Iron the garment on the reverse side.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reverse

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  singular   the opposite of what has just been mentioned<p><i>This problem is the reverse of the previous one.</i></p><p><i>Although I expected to enjoy living in the country, in fact the reverse is true .</i></p><p><i>In the south, the reverse applies.</i></p><p><i>It wasn’t easy to persuade her to come— quite the reverse .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   the back of a coin, piece of material, piece of paper, etc<p><i>The coin has the queen’s head stamped on the reverse.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( reverse gear )   uncountable   the machinery in a vehicle used to make it move backwards<p><i>Put  the car in/into reverse .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a loss or defeat; a change from success to failure Synonym   setback<p><i>Property values have suffered another reverse.</i></p><p><i>a damaging political reverse</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reversible

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of clothes, materials, etc. )  that can be turned inside out and worn or used with either side showing<p><i>a reversible jacket</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a process, an action or a disease )  that can be changed so that something returns to its original state or situation Opposite   irreversible<p><i>Is the trend towards privatization reversible?</i></p><p><i>reversible kidney failure</i></p></li></ul>

Word: simulate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>simulate something to pretend that you have a particular feeling Synonym   feign<p><i>I tried to simulate surprise at the news.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>simulate something to create particular conditions that exist in real life using computers, models, etc, usually for study or training purposes<p><i>Computer software can be used to simulate conditions on the seabed.</i></p><p><i>Role-playing is a useful way of simulating real-life situations.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>simulate something to be made to look like something else<p><i>a gas heater that simulates a coal fire</i></p></li></ul>

Word: simulated

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   not real, but made to look, feel, etc. like the real thing<p><i>simulated leather</i></p><p><i>‘How wonderful!’ she said with simulated enthusiasm.</i></p><p><i>The experiments were carried out under simulated examination conditions.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: simulation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a situation in which a particular set of conditions is created artificially in order to study or experience something that could exist in reality<p><i>a computer simulation of how the planet functions</i></p><p><i>a simulation model</i></p><p><i>An important part of training is role-play and the simulation of court cases.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of pretending that something is real when it is not<p><i>the simulation of genuine concern</i></p></li></ul>

Word: sole

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   sole something to repair a shoe by replacing the sole</li></ul>

Word: solely

Meaning: <ul><li>only; not involving somebody/something else<p><i>She was motivated solely by self-interest.</i></p><p><i>Selection is based solely on merit.</i></p><p><i>He became solely responsible for the firm.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: somewhat

Meaning: <ul><li>  to some degree Synonym   rather<p><i>I was somewhat surprised to see him.</i></p><p><i>The situation has changed somewhat since we last met.</i></p><p><i>What happened to them remains somewhat of  a mystery.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: submission

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of accepting that somebody has defeated you and that you must obey them Synonym   surrender<p><i>a gesture of submission</i></p><p><i>to beat/force/starve somebody into submission</i></p><p><i>His response was one of resistance, not submission.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of giving a document, proposal, etc. to somebody in authority so that they can study or consider it; the document, etc. that you give<p><i>When is the final date for the submission of proposals?</i></p><p><i>They prepared a report for submission to the council.</i></p><p><i>The deadline is   October and late submissions will not be marked.</i></p><p><i>All parties will have the opportunity to make submissions  relating to this case.</i></p><p><i>Many diploma courses require the submission of a project.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( law )  a statement that is made to a judge in court</li></ul>

Word: submit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   submit something (to somebody/something) to give a document, proposal, etc. to somebody in authority so that they can study or consider it<p><i>to submit an application/a claim/a complaint</i></p><p><i>Completed projects must be submitted by   March.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to accept the authority, control or greater strength of somebody/something; to agree to something because of this Synonym   give in to somebody/something   ,  yield    ,<p><i><b>submit (to somebody/something) </b><br>She refused to submit to threats.</i></p><p><i><b>submit yourself (to somebody/something) </b><br>He submitted himself to a search by the guards.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   submit that… ( law )  to say or suggest something<p><i>Counsel for the defence submitted that the evidence was inadmissible.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: succession

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a number of people or things that follow each other in time or order Synonym   series<p><i>a succession of visitors</i></p><p><i>He’s been hit by a succession of injuries since he joined the team.</i></p><p><i>She has won the award for the third year in succession .</i></p><p><i>They had three children in quick succession .</i></p><p><i>The gunman fired three times in rapid succession .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the regular pattern of one thing following another thing<p><i>the succession of the seasons</i></p><p><i>the succession of images on a screen</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of taking over an official position or title; the right to take over an official position or title, especially to become the king or queen of a country<p><i>He became chairman in succession to  Bernard Allen.</i></p><p><i>She’s third in order of succession  to the throne.</i></p><p><i>a line of succession</i></p></li></ul>

Word: successive

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   following immediately one after the other Synonym   consecutive<p><i>This was their fourth successive win.</i></p><p><i>Successive governments have tried to tackle the problem.</i></p><p><i>There has been low rainfall for two successive years.</i></p><p><i>This concept has been applied successively to painting, architecture and sculpture.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: successor

Meaning: <ul><li>successor (to somebody/something) a person or thing that comes after somebody/something else and takes their/its place compare  predecessor<p><i>Who’s the likely successor to him as party leader?</i></p><p><i>Their latest release is a worthy successor  to their popular debut album.</i></p><p><i>He chose as his successor a relative newcomer to the organization.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: survival

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of continuing to live or exist, often despite difficulty or danger<p><i>the struggle/battle/fight for survival</i></p><p><i>His only chance of survival  was a heart transplant.</i></p><p><i>Exporting is necessary for our economic survival.</i></p><p><i>Continued trade in these products is a threat to the survival of the species.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   survival (from something) something that has continued to exist from an earlier time Synonym   relic<p><i>The ceremony is a survival from pre-Christian times.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: survive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to continue to live or exist<p><i>She was the last surviving member of the family.</i></p><p><i>Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived.</i></p><p><i>The children had to survive by begging and stealing.</i></p><p><i>‘How are you these days?’ ‘Oh, surviving.’</i></p><p><i>Don’t worry, it’s only a scratch—you’ll survive.</i></p><p><i><b>survive from something </b><br>Some strange customs have survived from earlier times.</i></p><p><i><b>survive on something </b><br>I can’t survive on £  a week (= it is not enough for my basic needs) .</i></p><p><i>They spent two months in the jungle, surviving on small animals and fruit.</i></p><p><i><b>survive as something </b><br>He survived as party leader until his second election defeat.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   to continue to live or exist despite a dangerous event or time<p><i><b>survive something </b><br>The company managed to survive the crisis.</i></p><p><i>Many birds didn’t survive the severe winter.</i></p><p><i><b>survive something + adjective </b><br>Few buildings survived the war intact.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   survive somebody/something to live or exist longer than somebody/something Synonym   outlive<p><i>She survived her husband by ten years.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: survivor

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who continues to live, especially despite being nearly killed or experiencing great danger or difficulty<p><i>the sole/only survivor  of the massacre</i></p><p><i>The plane crashed in an area of dense jungle. There were no survivors.</i></p><p><i>There are only a few survivors from the original team (= members who remain in it while others have been replaced) .</i></p><p><i>She’ll cope. She’s one of life’s great survivors (= somebody who deals very well with difficult situations) .</i></p><p><i>A movie has been made about the last remaining survivor of the tribe.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: thesis

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>thesis (on something) a long piece of writing completed by a student as part of a university degree, based on their own research<p><i>Students must submit a thesis on an agreed subject within four years.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a statement or an opinion that is discussed in a logical way and presented with evidence in order to prove that it is true<p><i>These latest findings support the thesis that sexuality is determined by nature rather than choice.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: topic

Meaning: <ul><li>  a subject that you talk, write or learn about ( )  appropriate or relevant to the situation<p><i>The main topic of conversation  was Tom’s new girlfriend.</i></p><p><i>The article covered a wide range of topics.</i></p><p><i>The topic for tonight’s discussion is…</i></p><p><i>Keep the text short and on topic.</i></p><p><i>Let’s get back on topic.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: topical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with something that is happening or of interest at the present time<p><i>a topical joke/reference</i></p><p><i>topical events</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( medical )  connected with, or put directly on, a part of the body</li></ul>

Word: transmission

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act or process of passing something from one person, place or thing to another Synonym   transfer<p><i>the transmission of the disease</i></p><p><i>the risk of transmission</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act or process of sending out an electronic signal or message or of broadcasting a radio or television programme<p><i>the transmission of computer data along telephone lines</i></p><p><i>a break in transmission (= of a radio or television broadcast)  due to a technical fault</i></p><p><i>Do you know the date of transmission?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a radio or television message or broadcast<p><i>a live transmission from Sydney</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the system in a vehicle by which power is passed from the engine to the wheels</li></ul>

Word: transmit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   transmit (something) (from…) (to…) to send an electronic signal, radio or television broadcast, etc<p><i>signals transmitted from a satellite</i></p><p><i>The ceremony was transmitted live by satellite to over fifty countries.</i></p><p><i>a short-wave radio that can transmit as well as receive</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( )  to pass something from one person to another Synonym   transfer<p><i><b>transmit something </b><br>sexually transmitted diseases</i></p><p><i><b>transmit something to somebody </b><br>Parents can unwittingly transmit their own fears to their children.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   transmit something ( technical )  to allow heat, light, sound, etc. to pass through</li></ul>

Word: ultimate

Meaning: <ul><li>  singular   the ultimate in something ( )  the best, most advanced, greatest, etc. of its kind<p><i>the ultimate in modern design</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ultimately

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>in the end; finally<p><i>Ultimately, you’ll have to make the decision yourself.</i></p><p><i>A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>at the most basic and important level<p><i>All life depends ultimately on oxygen.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unaided

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) without help from anyone or anything<p><i>Did she produce this work unaided?</i></p><p><i>He can now walk unaided.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: undeniable

Meaning: <ul><li>true or certain; that cannot be denied Synonym   indisputable    Opposite   deniable<p><i>He had undeniable charm.</i></p><p><i>It is an undeniable fact that crime is increasing.</i></p><p><i>undeniably impressive</i></p><p><i>He is, undeniably, an excellent player.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unique

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>being the only one of its kind Help <p><i>Everyone’s fingerprints are unique.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>very special or unusual Help <p><i>a unique talent</i></p><p><i>The preview offers a unique opportunity to see the show without the crowds.</i></p><p><i>The deal will put the company in a unique position to export goods to Eastern Europe.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>unique (to somebody/something) belonging to or connected with one particular person, place or thing<p><i>an atmosphere that is unique to New York</i></p><p><i>The koala is unique to Australia.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: visibility

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>how far or well you can see, especially as affected by the light or the weather<p><i>good/poor/bad/zero visibility</i></p><p><i>Visibility was down to about  0 metres in the fog.</i></p><p><i>The car has excellent all-round visibility (= you can see what is around you very easily from it) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the fact or state of being easy to see<p><i>high visibility  equipment for cyclists</i></p><p><i>The advertisements were intended to increase the company’s visibility in the marketplace (= to make people more aware of their products and services).</i></p></li></ul>

Word: visible

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that can be seen<p><i>The house is clearly visible  from the beach.</i></p><p><i>Most stars are not visible to the naked eye .</i></p><p><i>The moon was just visible between the clouds.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>that is obvious enough to be noticed Synonym   obvious    compare  invisible<p><i>visible benefits</i></p><p><i>a visible police presence</i></p><p><i>He showed no visible sign of emotion.</i></p><p><i>She made a visible effort to control her anger.</i></p><p><i>After using the cream for a month, I could see no visible difference.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: visibly

Meaning: <ul><li>in a way that is easily noticeable<p><i>He was visibly shocked.</i></p><p><i>She paled visibly at the news.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: voluntarily

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>willingly; without being forced<p><i>He was not asked to leave—he went voluntarily.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>without payment; free<p><i>The fund is voluntarily administered.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: voluntary

Meaning: <ul><li>a piece of music played before, during or after a church service, usually on an organ</li></ul>

Word: volunteer

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to offer to do something without being forced to do it or without getting paid for it<p><i><b>volunteer to do something </b><br>Jill volunteered to organize a petition.</i></p><p><i><b>volunteer (for/as something) </b><br>Several staff members volunteered for early retirement.</i></p><p><i><b>volunteer something (for/as something) </b><br>He volunteered his services as a driver.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   volunteer something |  + speech to suggest something or tell somebody something without being asked<p><i>to volunteer advice</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   volunteer (for something) |  volunteer to do something to join the army, etc. without being forced to<p><i>to volunteer for military service</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   volunteer somebody (for/as something) |  volunteer somebody to do something to suggest somebody for a job or an activity, even though they may not want to do it<p><i>They volunteered me for the job of interpreter.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: abandon

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( )  an uncontrolled way of behaving that shows that somebody does not care what other people think Idioms  see  with gay abandon  at  gay   adjective<p><i>He signed cheques with careless abandon.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: abandoned

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>left and no longer wanted, used or needed<p><i>an abandoned car/house</i></p><p><i>The child was found abandoned but unharmed.</i></p><p><i>There was an abandoned supermarket trolley in the middle of the road.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(of people or their behaviour) wild; not following accepted standards</li></ul>

Word: abandonment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the act of leaving a person, thing or place with no intention of returning<p><i>their childhood abandonment by their mother</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the act of giving up an idea or stopping an activity with no intention of returning to it<p><i>the government’s abandonment of its new economic policy</i></p></li></ul>

Word: accompaniment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   accompaniment (to something) music that is played to support singing or another instrument<p><i>traditional songs with piano accompaniment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   accompaniment (to something) something that you eat, drink or use together with something else<p><i>The wine makes a good accompaniment to fish dishes.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   accompaniment (to something) ( )  something that happens at the same time as another thing<p><i>High blood pressure is a common accompaniment to this disease.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>while a musical instrument is being played<p><i>They performed to the accompaniment of guitars.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>while something else is happening<p><i>She made her speech to the accompaniment of loud laughter.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: accompany

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>accompany somebody ( )  to travel or go somewhere with somebody<p><i>His wife accompanied him on the trip.</i></p><p><i>I must ask you to accompany me to the police station.</i></p><p><i>Warships will accompany the convoy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>accompany something to happen or appear with something else<p><i>strong winds accompanied by heavy rain</i></p><p><i>Each pack contains a book and accompanying CD.</i></p><p><i>Shouts of protest accompanied this announcement.</i></p><p><i>The text is accompanied by a series of stunning photographs.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>accompany somebody (at/on something) to play a musical instrument, especially a piano, while somebody else sings or plays the main tune<p><i>The singer was accompanied on the piano by her sister.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: accumulate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   accumulate something to gradually get more and more of something over a period of time Synonym   amass<p><i>I seem to have accumulated a lot of books.</i></p><p><i>By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.</i></p><p><i>We have accumulated a great amount of evidence.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to gradually increase in number or quantity over a period of time Synonym   build up<p><i>Debts began to accumulate.</i></p><p><i>Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ambiguity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of having more than one possible meaning<p><i>Write clear definitions in order to avoid ambiguity.</i></p><p><i>A lot of humour depends on ambiguity.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a word or statement that can be understood in more than one way<p><i>There were several inconsistencies and ambiguities in her speech.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the state of being difficult to understand or explain because of involving many different aspects<p><i>You must understand the ambiguity of my position.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ambiguous

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that can be understood in more than one way; having different meanings<p><i>an ambiguous word/term/statement</i></p><p><i>Her account was deliberately ambiguous.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not clearly stated or defined<p><i>His role has always been ambiguous.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: append

Meaning: <ul><li>append something (to something) ( )  to add something to the end of a piece of writing<p><i>Footnotes have been appended to the document.</i></p><p><i>The principal has the right to append comments to the final report.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: appendix

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a small bag of tissue  that is attached to the large intestine . In humans, the appendix  has no clear function<p><i>He had to have his appendix out (= removed) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a section giving extra information at the end of a book or document<p><i>Full details are given in Appendix  .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: appreciable

Meaning: <ul><li>large enough to be noticed or thought important Synonym   considerable<p><i>The new regulations will not make an appreciable difference to most people.</i></p><p><i>an appreciable effect/increase/amount</i></p><p><i>The increase in salary will be appreciable.</i></p><p><i>The risk of infection is appreciably higher among children.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: appreciate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( not used in the progressive tenses )  appreciate somebody/something to recognize the good qualities of somebody/something<p><i>You can’t really appreciate foreign literature in translation.</i></p><p><i>His talents are not fully appreciated  in that company.</i></p><p><i>Her family doesn’t appreciate her.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( not usually used in the progressive tenses )  to be grateful for something that somebody has done; to welcome something<p><i><b>appreciate something </b><br>I’d appreciate some help.</i></p><p><i>Your support is greatly appreciated.</i></p><p><i>Thanks for coming. I appreciate it .</i></p><p><i>I would appreciate any comments you might have.</i></p><p><i>I would appreciate it if  you paid in cash.</i></p><p><i><b>appreciate doing something </b><br>I don’t appreciate being treated like a second-class citizen.</i></p><p><i><b>appreciate somebody doing something </b><br>We would appreciate you letting us know of any problems.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( not used in the progressive tenses )  to understand that something is true Synonym   realize<p><i><b>appreciate something </b><br>What I failed to appreciate was the distance between the two cities.</i></p><p><i><b>appreciate how, what, etc… </b><br>I don’t think you appreciate how expensive it will be.</i></p><p><i><b>appreciate that… </b><br>We didn’t fully appreciate  that he was seriously ill.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to increase in value over a period of time<p><i>Their investments have appreciated over the years.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: appreciation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   pleasure that you have when you recognize and enjoy the good qualities of somebody/something<p><i>She shows little appreciation of good music.</i></p><p><i>The crowd murmured in appreciation .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   appreciation of something a full or sympathetic understanding of something, such as a situation or a problem, and of what it involves<p><i>I had no appreciation of the problems they faced.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   appreciation (of/for something) the feeling of being grateful for something<p><i>Please accept this gift in appreciation of  all you’ve done for us.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   appreciation (in something) increase in value over a period of time Opposite   depreciation<p><i>an appreciation in the value of the house</i></p><p><i>capital appreciation</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   appreciation (of something) ( )  a piece of writing or a speech in which the strengths and weaknesses of somebody/something, especially an artist or a work of art, are discussed and judged<p><i>They were asked to write an appreciation of a poem of their choice.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: arbitrary

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of an action, a decision, a rule, etc. )  not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair<p><i>The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.</i></p><p><i>He makes unpredictable, arbitrary decisions.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  using power without restriction and without considering other people<p><i>the arbitrary powers of officials</i></p></li></ul>

Word: automate

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   automate something to use machines and computers instead of people to do a job or task<p><i>The entire manufacturing process has been automated.</i></p><p><i>The factory is now fully automated .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: automatic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a gun that can fire bullets continuously as long as the trigger  is pressed</li><li><b> . </b>( )  a car with a system of gears that operates without direct action from the driver compare  stick shift</li></ul>

Word: automatic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of a machine, device, etc. )  having controls that work without needing a person to operate them<p><i>automatic doors</i></p><p><i>a fully automatic  driverless train</i></p><p><i>automatic transmission (= in a car, etc.)</i></p><p><i>an automatic rifle (= one that continues to fire as long as the trigger  is pressed)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>done or happening without thinking Synonym   instinctive<p><i>Breathing is an automatic function of the body.</i></p><p><i>My reaction was automatic.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>always happening as a result of a particular action or situation<p><i>A fine for this offence is automatic.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: automation

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the use of machines to do work that was previously done by people<p><i>Automation meant the loss of many factory jobs.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: bias

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>bias somebody/something (towards/against/in favour of somebody/something) to unfairly influence somebody’s opinions or decisions Synonym   prejudice<p><i>The newspapers have biased people against her.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>bias something to have an effect on the results of research or an experiment so that they do not show the real situation<p><i>The experiment contained an error which could bias the results.</i></p><p><i>These errors may bias the statistics.</i></p><p><i>Their methodology resulted in biased findings.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: biased

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>biased (toward(s)/against/in favour of somebody/something) having a tendency to show favour towards or against one group of people or one opinion for personal reasons; making unfair judgements Opposite   unbiased<p><i>biased information/sources/press reports</i></p><p><i>a biased jury/witness</i></p><p><i>Their research was based on a biased sample (= a group of people/things containing more of one kind than normal, therefore not giving fair or accurate results) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>biased toward(s) something/somebody having a particular interest in one thing more than others<p><i>a school biased towards music and art</i></p></li></ul>

Word: chart

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>chart something to record or follow the progress or development of somebody/something<p><i>The exhibition charts the history of  the palace.</i></p><p><i>His job was to chart the progress of the spacecraft.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>chart something to plan a course of action<p><i>She had carefully charted her route to the top of her profession.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>chart something to make a map of an area Synonym   map<p><i>Cook charted the coast of New Zealand in     .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: clarify

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  to make something clearer or easier to understand<p><i><b>clarify something </b><br>to clarify a situation/problem/issue</i></p><p><i>I hope this clarifies my position .</i></p><p><i>The law on drugs needs to be clarified.</i></p><p><i>Talking to someone has helped clarify my feelings.</i></p><p><i><b>clarify what/how, etc… </b><br>She asked him to clarify what he meant.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>clarify something to make something, especially butter, pure by heating it<p><i>clarified butter</i></p></li></ul>

Word: clarity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the quality of being expressed clearly<p><i>a lack of clarity in the law</i></p><p><i>The brilliant clarity of his argument could not be faulted.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the ability to think about or understand something clearly<p><i>clarity of thought/purpose/vision</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>if a picture, substance or sound has clarity , you can see or hear it very clearly, or see through it easily<p><i>the clarity of sound on a CD</i></p></li></ul>

Word: commodity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( economics )  a product or a raw material that can be bought and sold<p><i>rice, flour and other basic commodities</i></p><p><i>a drop in commodity prices</i></p><p><i>Crude oil is the world’s most important commodity.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a thing that is useful or has a useful quality<p><i>Water is a precious commodity that is often taken for granted in the West.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: complement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>complement (to something) a thing that adds new qualities to something in a way that improves it or makes it more attractive</li><li><b> . </b>the complete number or quantity needed or allowed<p><i>We’ve taken our full complement of trainees this year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( grammar )  a word or phrase, especially an adjective or a noun, that is used after linking verbs such as be  and become , and describes the subject of the verb. In some descriptions of grammar it is used to refer to any word or phrase which is governed  by a verb and usually comes after the verb in a sentence<p><i>In the sentences ‘I’m angry’ and ‘He became a politician’, ‘angry’ and ‘politician’ are complements.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: complementary

Meaning: <ul><li>complementary (to something) two people or things that are complementary  are different but together form a useful or attractive combination of skills, qualities or physical features<p><i>The school’s approach must be complementary to that of the parents.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conform

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to behave and think in the same way as most other people in a group or society<p><i>There is considerable pressure on teenagers to conform.</i></p><p><i><b>conform to something </b><br>He refused to conform to the local customs.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   conform to/with something to obey a rule, law, etc. Synonym   comply<p><i>The building does not conform with safety regulations.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   conform to something to agree with or match something<p><i>Wordsworth changed the ideas of his poem to conform with his later religious and political opinions.</i></p><p><i>It did not conform to the usual stereotype of an industrial city.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conformable

Meaning: <ul><li>conformable to/with something ( )  similar in form or nature to something; in agreement with something Synonym   consistent      uncountable  <p><i>What happens in cases where common law is not conformable to the constitution?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conformance

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   conformance (to/with something) ( )  the fact of following the rules or standards of something Synonym   conformity<p><i>You need to ensure conformance to strict quality guidelines.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conformation

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   ( ) the way in which something is formed; the structure of something, especially an animal</li></ul>

Word: conformist

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) a person who behaves and thinks in the same way as most other people and who does not want to be different see also  nonconformist<p><i>Boys tend to be less conformist than girls.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conformity

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   conformity (to/with something) ( )  behaviour or actions that follow the accepted rules of society following the rules of something; conforming  to something<p><i>regulations that are in conformity with European law</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contemporary

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who lives or lived at the same time as somebody else, especially somebody who is about the same age<p><i>She and I were contemporaries at college.</i></p><p><i>He was a contemporary of Freud and may have known him.</i></p><p><i>Give or take a few years, they are contemporaries.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contradict

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to say that something that somebody else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true<p><i><b>contradict something </b><br>All evening her husband contradicted everything she said.</i></p><p><i><b>contradict somebody/yourself </b><br>You’ve just contradicted yourself (= said the opposite of what you said before) .</i></p><p><i><b>contradict (somebody) + speech </b><br>‘No, it’s not,’ she contradicted (him).</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>contradict something |  contradict each other ( of statements or pieces of evidence )  to be so different from each other that one of them must be wrong<p><i>The two stories contradict each other.</i></p><p><i>This version of events was contradicted by eye-witness reports.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contradiction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   contradiction (between A and B) a lack of agreement between facts, opinions, actions, etc<p><i>There is a contradiction between the two sets of figures.</i></p><p><i>His public speeches are in direct contradiction to  his personal lifestyle.</i></p><p><i>How can we resolve this apparent contradiction?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of saying that something that somebody else has said is wrong or not true; an example of this<p><i>I think I can say, without fear of contradiction , that…</i></p><p><i>Now you say you both left at ten—that’s a contradiction of your last statement.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: contradictory

Meaning: <ul><li>containing or showing a contradiction  Synonym   conflicting<p><i>We are faced with two apparently contradictory statements.</i></p><p><i>The advice I received was often contradictory.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: crucial

Meaning: <ul><li>  extremely important, because it will affect other things Synonym   critical   ,  essential    ,<p><i>a crucial factor/issue/decision</i></p><p><i>topics of crucial importance</i></p><p><i>The next few weeks are going to be crucial.</i></p><p><i><b>crucial to/for something </b><br>Winning this contract is crucial to the success of the company.</i></p><p><i><b>crucial that… </b><br>It is crucial that  we get this right.</i></p><p><i>Parents play a crucial role  in preparing their child for school.</i></p><p><i>He wasn’t there at the crucial moment (= when he was needed most) .</i></p><p><i>crucially important</i></p></li></ul>

Word: currency

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the system of money that a country uses see also  hard currency<p><i>trading in foreign currencies</i></p><p><i>a single European currency</i></p><p><i>You’ll need some cash in local currency  but you can also use your credit card.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the fact that something is used or accepted by a lot of people<p><i>The term ‘post-industrial’ now has wide currency .</i></p><p><i>The qualification has gained currency  all over the world.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: denotation

Meaning: <ul><li>( technical ) the act of naming something with a word; the actual object or idea to which the word refers compare  connotation</li></ul>

Word: denote

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>denote something |  denote that… to be a sign of something Synonym   indicate<p><i>A very high temperature often denotes a serious illness.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>denote something |  denote what, when, etc… to mean something Synonym   represent<p><i>In this example ‘X’ denotes the time taken and ‘Y’ denotes the distance covered.</i></p><p><i>The red triangle denotes danger.</i></p><p><i>Here ‘family’ denotes mother, father and children.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: detect

Meaning: <ul><li>detect something to discover or notice something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear, etc Opposite   undetectable<p><i>The tests are designed to detect the disease early.</i></p><p><i>an instrument that can detect small amounts of radiation</i></p><p><i>Do I detect a note of criticism?</i></p><p><i>The noise is barely detectable by the human ear.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: detection

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the process of detecting  something; the fact of being detected<p><i>crime prevention and detection</i></p><p><i>Last year the detection rate for car theft was just   %.</i></p><p><i>Many problems, however, escape detection.</i></p><p><i>Early detection of cancers is vitally important.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: detective

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person, especially a police officer, whose job is to examine crimes and catch criminals see also  store detective<p><i>Detective Inspector (Roger) Brown</i></p><p><i>detectives from the anti-terrorist squad</i></p><p><i>a detective story/novel</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person employed by somebody to find out information about somebody/something see also  private detective</li></ul>

Word: detector

Meaning: <ul><li>a piece of equipment for discovering the presence of something, such as metal, smoke, explosives  or changes in pressure or temperature<p><i>a smoke detector</i></p></li></ul>

Word: deviate

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive   deviate (from something) to be different from something; to do something in a different way from what is usual or expected<p><i>The bus had to deviate from its usual route because of a road closure.</i></p><p><i>He never deviated from his original plan.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: deviation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   deviation (from something) the act of moving away from what is normal or acceptable; a difference from what is expected or acceptable<p><i>deviation from the previously accepted norms</i></p><p><i>sexual deviation</i></p><p><i>a deviation from the plan</i></p><p><i>Modern examples of this type of weaving showed little deviation from traditional patterns.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   deviation (from something) ( technical )  the amount by which a single measurement is different from the average see also  standard deviation<p><i>a compass deviation of  ° (= from true north)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: displace

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>displace somebody/something to take the place of somebody/something Synonym   replace<p><i>Gradually factory workers have been displaced by machines.</i></p><p><i>The ship displaces   00 tonnes (= as a way of measuring its size) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>displace somebody to force people to move away from their home to another place<p><i>Around  000 people have been displaced by the fighting.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>displace something to move something from its usual position<p><i>Check for roof tiles that have been displaced by the wind.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>displace somebody ( )  to remove somebody from a job or position<p><i>displaced workers</i></p></li></ul>

Word: displacement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  the act of displacing  somebody/something; the process of being displaced<p><i>the largest displacement of civilian population since World War Two</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( physics )  the amount of a liquid moved out of place by something floating or put in it, especially a ship floating in water<p><i>a ship with a displacement of  000 tonnes</i></p></li></ul>

Word: drama

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a play for the theatre, television or radio<p><i>a costume/historical, etc. drama</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   plays considered as a form of literature<p><i>classical/Elizabethan/modern, etc. drama</i></p><p><i>a drama critic</i></p><p><i>drama school</i></p><p><i>a drama student</i></p><p><i>I studied English and Drama at college.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an exciting event<p><i>A powerful human drama was unfolding before our eyes.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the fact of being exciting<p><i>You couldn’t help being thrilled by the drama of the situation.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: dramatic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of a change, an event, etc. )  sudden, very great and often surprising<p><i>a dramatic increase/fall/change/improvement</i></p><p><i>dramatic results/developments/news</i></p><p><i>The announcement had a dramatic effect  on house prices.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>exciting and impressive<p><i>a dramatic victory</i></p><p><i>They watched dramatic pictures of the police raid on TV.</i></p><p><i>set against the dramatic backcloth of Mont Blanc</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   connected with the theatre or plays<p><i>a local dramatic society</i></p><p><i>Students will study various plays and dramatic texts.</i></p><p><i>a dramatic monologue</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>exaggerated in order to create a special effect and attract people’s attention<p><i>He flung out his arms in a dramatic gesture .</i></p><p><i>Don’t be so dramatic!</i></p></li></ul>

Word: dramatist

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who writes plays for the theatre, television or radio Synonym   playwright<p><i>a TV dramatist</i></p></li></ul>

Word: dramatize

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   dramatize something to present a book, an event, etc. as a play or a film/movie<p><i>Jane Austen’s ‘Emma’ was dramatized on television recently.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   dramatize (something) to make something seem more exciting or important than it really is<p><i>Don’t worry too much about what she said—she tends to dramatize things.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: eventual

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   happening at the end of a period of time or of a process<p><i>the eventual winner of the tournament</i></p><p><i>It is impossible to predict what the eventual outcome will be.</i></p><p><i>The village school may face eventual closure.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: eventuality

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) something that may possibly happen, especially something unpleasant<p><i>We were prepared for every eventuality .</i></p><p><i>The money had been saved for just such an eventuality .</i></p><p><i>In the eventuality of  your passport being stolen, contact the embassy at once.</i></p><p><i>The instructions he left covered all eventualities .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: eventually

Meaning: <ul><li>  at the end of a period of time or a series of events Help <p><i>Our flight eventually left five hours late.</i></p><p><i>I’ll get round to mending it eventually.</i></p><p><i>She hopes to get a job on the local newspaper and eventually work for ‘The Times’.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exhibit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an object or a work of art put in a public place, for example a museum, so that people can see it<p><i>The museum contains some interesting exhibits on Spanish rural life.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a thing that is used in court to prove that somebody is guilty or not guilty<p><i>The first exhibit was a knife which the prosecution claimed was the murder weapon.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ) =  exhibition  (   )   ( )<p><i>The new exhibit will tour a dozen US cities next year.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exhibition

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( ) ( exhibit )   countable   a collection of things, for example works of art, that are shown to the public<p><i>Have you seen the Picasso exhibition?</i></p><p><i>an exhibition of old photographs</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   exhibition of something the act of showing something, for example works of art, to the public<p><i>She refused to allow the exhibition of her husband’s work.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   an exhibition of something ( )  the act of showing a skill, a feeling, or a kind of behaviour<p><i>We were treated to an exhibition of the footballer’s speed and skill.</i></p><p><i>an appalling exhibition of bad manners</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  an amount of money that is given as a prize to a student</li></ul>

Word: exploit

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually plural   a brave, exciting or interesting act<p><i>the daring exploits of Roman heroes</i></p><p><i>The papers were full of her latest amorous exploits.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exploitation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  a situation in which somebody treats somebody else in an unfair way, especially in order to make money from their work<p><i>the exploitation of children</i></p><p><i>Starvation and poverty are the result of global economic exploitation, not lack of resources.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the use of land, oil, minerals, etc<p><i>commercial exploitation of the mineral resources in Antarctica</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  the fact of using a situation in order to get an advantage for yourself<p><i>exploitation of the situation for his own purposes</i></p></li></ul>

Word: exploit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>exploit something ( )  to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself<p><i>He exploited his father’s name to get himself a job.</i></p><p><i>She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited.</i></p><p><i>The opposition parties will always exploit government problems to their own advantage.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>exploit somebody ( )  to treat somebody unfairly by making them work and not giving them much in return<p><i>What is being done to stop employers from exploiting young people?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>exploit something to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible<p><i>She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play.</i></p><p><i>Teachers should be exploiting computers in education.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to develop or use something for business or industry<p><i><b>exploit something </b><br>No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica.</i></p><p><i><b>exploit something for something </b><br>countries exploiting the rainforests for hardwood</i></p></li></ul>

Word: fluctuate

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive   to change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc, especially from one extreme to another Synonym   vary      countable ,  uncountable  <p><i>fluctuating prices</i></p><p><i>The documentary follows the fluctuating fortunes of one marketing company.</i></p><p><i><b>fluctuate between A and B </b><br>During the crisis, oil prices fluctuated between $  and $  a barrel.</i></p><p><i><b>+ adverb/preposition </b><br>Temperatures can fluctuate by as much as   degrees.</i></p><p><i>My weight fluctuated wildly depending on how much I ate.</i></p><p><i>My mood seems to fluctuate from day to day.</i></p><p><i>The rate of inflation has been fluctuating around  % for some time.</i></p><p><i><b>fluctuation (in/of something) </b><br>wild fluctuations in interest rates</i></p></li></ul>

Word: guideline

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  plural   rules or instructions that are given by an official organization telling you how to do something, especially something difficult<p><i>The government has drawn up guidelines  on the treatment of the mentally ill.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   something that can be used to help you make a decision or form an opinion<p><i>The figures are a useful guideline when buying a house.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: highlight

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the best, most interesting or most exciting part of something<p><i>One of the highlights of the trip was seeing the Taj Mahal.</i></p><p><i>The highlights of the match will be shown later this evening.</i></p><p><i>My dance class is the highlight of my week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   areas of hair that are lighter than the rest, usually because a chemical substance has been put on them compare  lowlights<p><i>She’s had blonde highlights put into her hair.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   ( technical )  the light or bright part of a picture or photograph</li></ul>

Word: implicit

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>implicit (in something) suggested without being directly expressed<p><i>Implicit in his speech was the assumption that they were guilty.</i></p><p><i>implicit criticism</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>implicit (in something) forming part of something (although perhaps not directly expressed)<p><i>The ability to listen is implicit in the teacher’s role.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>complete and not doubted Synonym   absolute<p><i>She had the implicit trust of her staff.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: induce

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>induce somebody to do something ( )  to persuade or influence somebody to do something<p><i>Nothing would induce me to take the job.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>induce something ( )  to cause something<p><i>drugs which induce sleep</i></p><p><i>a drug-induced coma</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>induce somebody/something ( medical )  to make a woman start giving birth to her baby by giving her special drugs<p><i>an induced labour</i></p><p><i>We’ll have to induce her.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: induction

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   induction (into something) the process of introducing somebody to a new job, skill, organization, etc; a ceremony at which this takes place<p><i>induction into the local business community</i></p><p><i>The induction of new students will take place in the main hall.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of making a pregnant woman start to give birth, using artificial means such as a special drug<p><i>the induction of labour</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( technical )  a method of discovering general rules and principles from particular facts and examples compare  deduction</li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( physics )  the process by which electricity or magnetism  passes from one object to another without them touching</li></ul>

Word: inevitable

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that you cannot avoid or prevent Synonym   unavoidable<p><i>It was an inevitable consequence of the decision.</i></p><p><i>It was inevitable that  there would be job losses.</i></p><p><i>A rise in the interest rates seems inevitable.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   ( )  so frequent that you always expect it<p><i>the English and their inevitable cups of tea</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   something that is certain to happen<p><i>You have to accept the inevitable.</i></p><p><i>The inevitable happened—I forgot my passport.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inevitably

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>as is certain to happen<p><i>Inevitably, the press exaggerated the story.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  as you would expect<p><i>Inevitably, it rained on the day of the wedding.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: infrastructure

Meaning: <ul><li>  countable ,  uncountable   the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization to run smoothly, for example buildings, transport and water and power supplies   usually before noun  <p><i>infrastructural development</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inspect

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to look closely at something/somebody, especially to check that everything is as it should be Synonym   examine<p><i><b>inspect something/somebody </b><br>The teacher walked around inspecting their work.</i></p><p><i>Make sure you inspect the goods before signing for them.</i></p><p><i><b>inspect something/somebody for something </b><br>The plants are regularly inspected for disease.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>inspect something to officially visit a school, factory, etc. in order to check that rules are being obeyed and that standards are acceptable<p><i>Public health officials were called in to inspect the premises.</i></p><p><i>The Tourist Board inspects all recommended hotels at least once a year.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inspection

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an official visit to a school, factory, etc. in order to check that rules are being obeyed and that standards are acceptable<p><i>Regular inspections  are carried out  at the prison.</i></p><p><i>The head went on a tour of inspection  of all the classrooms.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the act of looking closely at something/somebody, especially to check that everything is as it should be Synonym   examination<p><i>The documents are available for inspection .</i></p><p><i>On closer inspection , the notes proved to be forgeries.</i></p><p><i>Engineers carried out a  thorough inspection  of the track.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inspector

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person whose job is to visit schools, factories, etc. to check that rules are being obeyed and that standards are acceptable see also  tax inspector<p><i>a school/health/safety, etc. inspector</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(abbr.   )  an officer of middle rank in the police force  see also  chief inspector<p><i>Inspector Maggie Forbes</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>(in Britain) a person whose job is to check tickets on a bus or train to make sure that they are valid</li><li><b> . </b>( ) ( surveyor ) a person whose job is to examine a building to make sure it is in good condition, usually done for somebody who is thinking of buying it</li></ul>

Word: intense

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>very great; very strong Synonym   extreme<p><i>intense heat/cold/pain</i></p><p><i>The President is under intense pressure to resign.</i></p><p><i>the intense blue of her eyes</i></p><p><i>intense interest/pleasure/desire/anger</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>serious and often involving a lot of action in a short period of time<p><i>intense competition</i></p><p><i>It was a period of intense activity.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  having or showing very strong feelings, opinions or thoughts about somebody/something<p><i>an intense look</i></p><p><i>He’s very intense about everything.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: intensify

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  ,    intransitive ,  transitive   to increase in degree or strength; to make something increase in degree or strength Synonym   heighten      uncountable ,  singular  <p><i>Violence intensified during the night.</i></p><p><i><b>intensify something </b><br>The opposition leader has intensified his attacks on the government.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: intensity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the state or quality of being intense<p><i>intensity of light/sound/colour</i></p><p><i>intensity of feeling/concentration/relief</i></p><p><i>He was watching her with an intensity that was unnerving.</i></p><p><i>The storm resumed with even greater intensity.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( technical )  the strength of something, for example light, that can be measured<p><i>varying intensities of natural light</i></p></li></ul>

Word: intensive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>involving a lot of work or activity done in a short time<p><i>an intensive language course</i></p><p><i>two weeks of intensive training</i></p><p><i>intensive diplomatic negotiations</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>extremely thorough; done with a lot of care<p><i>His disappearance has been the subject of intensive investigation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of methods of farming )  aimed at producing as much food as possible using as little land or as little money as possible<p><i>Traditionally reared animals grow more slowly than those reared under intensive farming conditions.</i></p><p><i>intensive agriculture</i></p></li></ul>

Word: manipulate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  to control or influence somebody/something, often in a dishonest way so that they do not realize it<p><i><b>manipulate somebody/something </b><br>She uses her charm to manipulate people.</i></p><p><i>As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion.</i></p><p><i><b>manipulate somebody into something/into doing something </b><br>They managed to manipulate us into agreeing to help.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>manipulate something ( )  to control or use something in a skilful way<p><i>to manipulate the gears and levers of a machine</i></p><p><i>Computers are very efficient at manipulating information.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>manipulate something ( technical )  to move a person’s bones or joints into the correct position</li></ul>

Word: manipulative

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  skilful at influencing somebody or forcing somebody to do what you want, often in an unfair way<p><i>manipulative behaviour</i></p><p><i>He’s extremely manipulative, so don’t let him persuade you.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  connected with the ability to handle objects skilfully<p><i>manipulative skills such as typing and knitting</i></p></li></ul>

Word: minimize

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>minimize something to reduce something, especially something bad, to the lowest possible level Opposite   maximize<p><i>Good hygiene helps to minimize the risk of infection.</i></p><p><i>Costs were minimized by using plastic instead of leather.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>minimize something to try to make something seem less important than it really is Synonym   play down<p><i>He always tried to minimize his own faults, while exaggerating those of others.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>minimize something to make something small, especially on a computer screen Opposite   maximize<p><i>Minimize any windows you have open.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: nonconformity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the fact of not following normal ways of thinking and behaving</li><li><b> . </b>the beliefs and practices of Nonconformist Churches</li></ul>

Word: nonconformist

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>(in England and Wales) a member of a Protestant Church that does not follow the beliefs and practices of the Church of England</li><li><b> . </b>a person who does not follow normal ways of thinking or behaving</li></ul>

Word: nuclear

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>using, producing or resulting from nuclear energy<p><i>a nuclear power station</i></p><p><i>the nuclear industry</i></p><p><i>nuclear-powered submarines</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with weapons that use nuclear energy<p><i>a nuclear weapon/bomb/missile</i></p><p><i>a nuclear explosion/attack/war</i></p><p><i>the country’s nuclear capability (= the fact that it has nuclear weapons)</i></p><p><i>nuclear capacity (= the number of nuclear weapons a country has)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( physics )  of the nucleus  (= central part) of an atom<p><i>nuclear particles</i></p><p><i>a nuclear reaction</i></p></li></ul>

Word: offset

Meaning: <ul><li>  only before noun   used to describe a method of printing in which ink is put onto a metal plate, then onto a rubber surface and only then onto the paper see also  carbon offset</li></ul>

Word: paragraph

Meaning: <ul><li>(abbr.   ,  )  a section of a piece of writing, usually consisting of several sentences dealing with a single subject. The first sentence of a paragraph  starts on a new line<p><i>an opening/introductory paragraph</i></p><p><i>Write a paragraph on each of the topics given below.</i></p><p><i>See paragraph    of the handbook.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: paragraphing

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the way that a piece of writing is divided into paragraphs</li></ul>

Word: plus

Meaning: <ul><li>  ( )  used to add more information Synonym   furthermore<p><i>I’ve got too much on at work. Plus my father is not well.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: plus

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  an advantage; a good thing<p><i>Knowledge of French is a plus in her job.</i></p><p><i>There were a lot of pluses in the performance.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( plus sign ) the symbol ( + ), used in mathematics<p><i>He put a plus instead of a minus.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: practitioner

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( technical )  a person who works in a profession, especially medicine or law see also  general practitioner<p><i>dental practitioners</i></p><p><i>a qualified practitioner</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a person who regularly does a particular activity, especially one that requires skill<p><i>one of the greatest practitioners of science fiction</i></p></li></ul>

Word: predominance

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  singular   the situation of being greater in number or amount than other things or people Synonym   preponderance<p><i>a predominance of female teachers in elementary schools</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the state of having more power or influence than others Synonym   dominance<p><i>the ongoing struggle for global predominance</i></p></li></ul>

Word: predominant

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>most obvious or noticeable<p><i>a predominant feature</i></p><p><i>Yellow is the predominant colour this spring in the fashion world.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>having more power or influence than others Synonym   dominant<p><i>a predominant culture</i></p><p><i>a way of thinking that is predominant in modern social life</i></p></li></ul>

Word: predominantly

Meaning: <ul><li>( predominately ) mostly; mainly<p><i>She works in a predominantly male environment.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: predominate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to be greater in amount or number than something/somebody else in a place, group, etc<p><i>a colour scheme in which red predominates</i></p><p><i>Women predominated in the audience.</i></p><p><i>Young men tend to predominate in the crime statistics.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   predominate (over somebody/something) to have the most influence or importance<p><i>Private interest was not allowed to predominate over the public good.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: prospect

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive   prospect (for something) to search an area for gold, minerals, oil, etc<p><i>Thousands moved to the area to prospect for gold.</i></p><p><i>to prospect for new clients</i></p></li></ul>

Word: prospective

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>expected to do something or to become something Synonym   potential<p><i>a prospective buyer</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>expected to happen soon Synonym   forthcoming<p><i>They are worried about prospective changes in the law.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: radical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a person with radical  opinions<p><i>political radicals</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( chemistry )  a group of atoms that behave as a single unit in a number of compounds  see also  free radical</li></ul>

Word: radical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>concerning the most basic and important parts of something; thorough and complete Synonym   far-reaching<p><i>the need for radical changes  in education</i></p><p><i>demands for radical reform of the law</i></p><p><i>radical differences between the sexes</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>new, different and likely to have a great effect<p><i>radical ideas</i></p><p><i>a radical solution to the problem</i></p><p><i>radical proposals</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in favour of thorough and complete political or social change<p><i>the radical wing of the party</i></p><p><i>radical politicians/students/writers</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( ,  ,  )  very good</li></ul>

Word: random

Meaning: <ul><li>without deciding in advance what is going to happen, or without any regular pattern<p><i>She opened the book at random (= not at any particular page)  and started reading.</i></p><p><i>The terrorists fired into the crowd at random.</i></p><p><i>Names were chosen at random from a list.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: random

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   done, chosen, etc. without somebody deciding in advance what is going to happen, or without any regular pattern<p><i>the random killing of innocent people</i></p><p><i>a random sample/selection (= in which each thing has an equal chance of being chosen)</i></p><p><i>The information is processed in a random order.</i></p><p><i>He grabbed a pair of random jeans and an old red shirt.</i></p><p><i>She dodged the random items that were on the concrete floor.</i></p><p><i>I find and play a lot of random stuff—Bach, blues, bebop.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   ( ) ( especially of a person )  not known or not identified<p><i>Some random guy gave me a hundred bucks.</i></p><p><i>You don’t want some random dude telling you how to live your life.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a thing or person that is random  is strange and does not make sense, often in a way that amuses or interests you<p><i>Mom, you are so random!</i></p><p><i>The humour is great because it’s just so random and unhinged from reality.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reinforce

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>reinforce something to make a feeling, an idea, etc. stronger<p><i>The experience reinforced my sense of loss.</i></p><p><i>Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes.</i></p><p><i>The climate of political confusion has only reinforced the country’s economic decline.</i></p><p><i>Success in the talks will reinforce his reputation as an international statesman.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reinforce something to make a structure or material stronger, especially by adding another material to it<p><i>All buildings are now reinforced to withstand earthquakes.</i></p><p><i>reinforced steel</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reinforce something to send more people or equipment in order to make an army, etc. stronger<p><i>The UN has undertaken to reinforce its military presence along the borders.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reinforcement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  plural   extra soldiers or police officers who are sent to a place because more are needed<p><i>to send in reinforcements</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the act of making something stronger, especially a feeling or an idea<p><i>the reinforcement of existing prejudices by the media</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reschedule

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>reschedule something (for/to something) |  reschedule something to do something to change the time at which something has been arranged to happen, especially so that it takes place later<p><i>The meeting has been rescheduled for next week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>reschedule something ( finance )  to arrange for somebody to pay back money that they have borrowed at a later date than was originally agreed<p><i>to reschedule a loan</i></p><p><i>Repayments on the loan have been rescheduled over   years.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restoration

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the work of repairing and cleaning an old building, a painting, etc. so that its condition is as good as it originally was<p><i>The palace is closed for restoration .</i></p><p><i>restoration work</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   restoration of something the act of bringing back a system, a law, etc. that existed previously<p><i>the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries</i></p><p><i>the restoration of democracy/the monarchy</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   restoration (of something) the act of returning something to its correct place, condition or owner<p><i>the restoration of the Elgin marbles to Greece</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   the time in Britain after     when, following a period with no king or queen, Charles II became king<p><i>Restoration comedy/poetry (= written during and after this time)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restore

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>restore something (to somebody) to bring back a situation or feeling that existed before<p><i>The measures are intended to restore public confidence in the economy.</i></p><p><i>Order was  quickly restored  after the riots.</i></p><p><i>Such kindness restores your faith in human nature (= makes you believe most people are kind) .</i></p><p><i>The operation restored his sight (= made him able to see again) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>restore somebody/something to something to bring somebody/something back to a former condition, place or position<p><i>He is now fully restored to health.</i></p><p><i>We hope to restore  the garden to its former glory (= make it as beautiful as it used to be) .</i></p><p><i>This cream claims to restore your skin to its youthful condition.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>restore something to repair a building, work of art, piece of furniture, etc. so that it looks as good as it did originally<p><i>Her job is restoring old paintings.</i></p><p><i>The house has been lovingly restored to the way it looked in   0 when it was built.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>restore something to bring a law, tradition, way of working, etc. back into use Synonym   reintroduce<p><i>to restore ancient traditions</i></p><p><i>Some people argue that the death penalty should be restored.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>restore something (to somebody/something) ( )  to give something that was lost or stolen back to somebody<p><i>The police have now restored the painting to its rightful owner.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: revise

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   revise something to change your opinions or plans, for example because of something you have learned<p><i>I can see I will have to revise my opinions of his abilities now.</i></p><p><i>The government may need to revise its policy in the light of this report.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   revise something to change something, such as a book or an estimate, in order to correct or improve it<p><i>a revised edition of a textbook</i></p><p><i>I’ll prepare a revised estimate for you.</i></p><p><i>We may have to revise this figure upwards.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( )  to prepare for an exam by looking again at work that you have done<p><i>I spent the weekend revising for my exam.</i></p><p><i>I can’t come out tonight. I have to revise.</i></p><p><i><b>revise something </b><br>I’m revising Geography today.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: revision

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a change or set of changes to something<p><i>He made some minor revisions to the report before printing it out.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of changing something, or of examining something with the intention of changing it<p><i>a system in need of revision</i></p><p><i>a revision of trading standards</i></p><p><i>Their educational policies are due for revision.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the process of learning work for an exam<p><i>Have you started your revision yet?</i></p><p><i>a revision class/course/timetable</i></p></li></ul>

Word: schedule

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   to arrange for something to happen at a particular time<p><i><b>schedule something (for something) </b><br>The meeting is scheduled for Friday afternoon.</i></p><p><i>One of the scheduled events is a talk on alternative medicine.</i></p><p><i>We’ll be stopping here for longer than scheduled.</i></p><p><i><b>schedule somebody/something to do something </b><br>I’m scheduled to arrive in LA at   o’clock.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>schedule something (as something) ( )  to include something in an official list of things<p><i>The substance has been scheduled as a poison.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uniform

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the special set of clothes worn by all members of an organization or a group at work, or by children at school<p><i>a military/police/nurse’s uniform</i></p><p><i>soldiers in uniform</i></p><p><i>The hat is part of the school uniform .</i></p><p><i>Do you have to wear uniform ?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular ,  uncountable   ( ) ( strip ) the clothes worn by the members of a sports team when they are playing<p><i>a striped baseball uniform</i></p><p><i>the team’s away uniform (= that they use when playing games away from home)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular ,  uncountable   the type of clothes that a person or group usually wears<p><i>my standard teenage uniform of sweatshirt and jeans</i></p><p><i>the traditional banker’s uniform</i></p></li></ul>

Word: tense

Meaning: <ul><li>  transitive ,  intransitive   if you tense  your muscles, or you or your muscles tense , they become tight and stiff, especially because you are not relaxed to become or feel nervous or worried so that you cannot relax<p><i><b>tense something/yourself (up) </b><br>She tensed her muscles in anticipation of the blow.</i></p><p><i>He tensed himself, listening to see if anyone had followed him.</i></p><p><i><b>tense (up) </b><br>His muscles tensed as he got ready to run.</i></p><p><i>She tensed, hearing the strange noise again.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: tense

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  nervous or worried, and unable to relax<p><i>He’s a very tense person.</i></p><p><i>She sounded tense and angry.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a situation, an event, a period of time, etc. )  in which people have strong feelings such as worry, anger, etc. that often cannot be expressed openly<p><i>I spent a tense few weeks waiting for the results of the tests.</i></p><p><i>The atmosphere in the meeting was getting more and more tense.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a muscle or other part of the body )  tight rather than relaxed<p><i>A massage will relax those tense muscles.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of wire, etc. )  stretched tightly Synonym   taut</li><li><b> . </b>( phonetics ) ( of a speech sound )  produced with the muscles of the speech organs stretched tight Opposite   lax</li></ul>

Word: tension

Meaning: <ul><li>tension something ( technical )  to make a wire, sail, etc. tight and stretched</li></ul>

Word: terminal

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of an illness or a disease )  that cannot be cured and will lead to death, often slowly<p><i>He has terminal lung cancer.</i></p><p><i>The illness is usually terminal.</i></p><p><i>She’s suffering from terminal (= very great)  boredom.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  suffering from an illness that cannot be cured and will lead to death<p><i>a terminal patient</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>certain to get worse and come to an end<p><i>The industry is in terminal decline .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   ( technical )  at the end of something<p><i>a terminal branch of a tree</i></p><p><i>terminal examinations (= at the end of a course, etc.)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: terminate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to end; to make something end<p><i>Your contract of employment terminates in December.</i></p><p><i><b>terminate something </b><br>The agreement was terminated immediately.</i></p><p><i>to terminate a pregnancy (= to perform or have an abortion  )</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( of a bus or train )  to end a journey/trip<p><i>This train terminates at London Victoria.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: termination

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   ( )  the act of ending something; the end of something<p><i>Failure to comply with these conditions will result in termination of the contract.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( medical )  a medical operation to end a pregnancy  at an early stage Synonym   abortion</li></ul>

Word: thematic

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   connected with the theme or themes of something<p><i>the thematic structure of a text</i></p><p><i>The books have been grouped thematically.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: theme

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  a pub, bar, etc. that is designed to reflect a particular subject or period of history<p><i>an Irish theme pub</i></p></li></ul>

Word: thereby

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) used to introduce the result of the action or situation mentioned<p><i>Regular exercise strengthens the heart, thereby reducing the risk of heart attack.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unaccompanied

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  without a person going together with somebody/something<p><i>No unaccompanied children allowed.</i></p><p><i>unaccompanied luggage/baggage (= travelling separately from its owner)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( music )  performed without anyone else playing or singing at the same time<p><i>a sonata for unaccompanied violin</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  unaccompanied by something not together with a particular thing<p><i>Mere words, unaccompanied by any violence, cannot amount to an assault.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unambiguous

Meaning: <ul><li>clear in meaning; that can only be understood in one way Opposite   ambiguous<p><i>an unambiguous statement</i></p><p><i>The message was clear and unambiguous—‘Get out!’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unappreciated

Meaning: <ul><li>  not usually before noun   not having your work or your qualities recognized and enjoyed by other people; not appreciated<p><i>He was in a job where he felt unappreciated and undervalued.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unbiased

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) fair and not influenced by your own or somebody else’s opinions, desires, etc. Synonym   impartial    Opposite   biased<p><i>unbiased advice</i></p><p><i>an unbiased judge</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uncharted

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>that has not been visited or investigated before; not familiar<p><i>They set off into the country’s uncharted interior.</i></p><p><i>The party is sailing in uncharted waters (= a situation it has not been in before) .</i></p><p><i>I was moving into uncharted territory (= a completely new experience)  with this relationship.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not marked on a map<p><i>The ship hit an uncharted rock.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uniform

Meaning: <ul><li>  not varying; the same in all parts and at all times   uncountable ,  singular  <p><i>uniform rates of pay</i></p><p><i>The walls were a uniform grey.</i></p><p><i>Growth has not been uniform across the country.</i></p><p><i>uniform lines of terraced houses (= they all looked the same)</i></p><p><i>They tried to ensure uniformity across the different departments.</i></p><p><i>the drab uniformity of the houses</i></p><p><i>The principles were applied uniformly across all the departments.</i></p><p><i>The quality is uniformly high.</i></p><p><i>Pressure must be uniformly distributed over the whole surface.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unscheduled

Meaning: <ul><li>that was not planned in advance Synonym   unplanned<p><i>an unscheduled stop</i></p></li></ul>

Word: vehicle

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to another, such as a car or lorry/truck<p><i>motor vehicles (= cars, buses, lorries/trucks, etc.)</i></p><p><i>Are you the driver of this vehicle?</i></p><p><i>rows of parked vehicles</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>vehicle (for something) something that can be used to express your ideas or feelings or as a way of achieving something<p><i>Art may be used as a vehicle for propaganda.</i></p><p><i>The play is an ideal vehicle for her talents.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: via

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>through a place<p><i>We flew home via Dubai.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>by means of a particular person, system, etc<p><i>I heard about the sale via Jane.</i></p><p><i>The news programme came to us via satellite.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: virtual

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>almost or very nearly the thing described, so that any slight difference is not important<p><i>The country was sliding into a state of virtual civil war.</i></p><p><i>The company has a virtual monopoly in this area of trade.</i></p><p><i>He married a virtual stranger.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>made to appear to exist by the use of computer software, for example on the Internet<p><i>New technology has enabled development of an online ‘virtual library’.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: virtually

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important<p><i>to be virtually impossible</i></p><p><i>Virtually all  students will be exempt from the tax.</i></p><p><i>He virtually admitted he was guilty.</i></p><p><i>This year’s results are virtually the same as last year’s.</i></p><p><i>The red squirrel has become virtually extinct in most of the country.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( computing )  by the use of computer software that makes something appear to exist; using virtual reality  technology</li></ul>

Word: visual

Meaning: <ul><li>a picture, map, piece of film, etc. used to make an article or a talk easier to understand or more interesting<p><i>He used striking visuals to get his point across.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: visualize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     to form a picture of somebody/something in your mind Synonym   imagine    ,    uncountable ,  countable  <p><i><b>visualize somebody/something/yourself (as something) </b><br>Try to visualize him as an old man.</i></p><p><i><b>visualize what, how, etc… </b><br>I can’t visualize what this room looked like before it was decorated.</i></p><p><i><b>visualize somebody/something/yourself doing something </b><br>It can help to visualize yourself making your speech clearly and confidently.</i></p><p><i><b>visualize doing something </b><br>She couldn’t visualize climbing the mountain.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: visual

Meaning: <ul><li>of or connected with seeing or sight<p><i>I have a very good visual memory.</i></p><p><i>the visual arts</i></p><p><i>The building makes a tremendous visual impact.</i></p><p><i>dramatic visual effects</i></p><p><i>The photographs she takes are a visual record of her travels.</i></p><p><i>visually handicapped/impaired</i></p><p><i>visually exciting</i></p></li></ul>

Word: vol.

Meaning: <ul><li>volumen.<p><i>the Complete Works of Byron Vol.  </i></p></li></ul>

Word: widespread

Meaning: <ul><li>existing or happening over a large area or among many people<p><i>widespread damage</i></p><p><i>The plan received widespread support throughout the country.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: accommodate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   accommodate somebody to provide somebody with a room or place to sleep, live or sit<p><i>The hotel can accommodate up to  0 guests.</i></p><p><i>The aircraft is capable of accommodating    passengers.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   accommodate somebody/something to provide enough space for somebody/something<p><i>Over   minutes of music can be accommodated on one CD.</i></p><p><i>The old town hall now accommodates a Folk Museum.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   accommodate something ( )  to consider something, such as somebody’s opinion or a fact, and be influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining something<p><i>Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of minority groups.</i></p><p><i>She modified her views so as to accommodate the objections of American feminists.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   accommodate somebody (with something) ( )  to help somebody by doing what they want Synonym   oblige<p><i>I have accommodated the press a great deal, giving numerous interviews.</i></p><p><i>I’m sure the bank will be able to accommodate you.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   accommodate (something/yourself) to something ( )  to change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better<p><i>I needed to accommodate to the new schedule.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: accommodation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  a place to live, work or stay in<p><i>rented/temporary/furnished accommodation</i></p><p><i>Hotel accommodation is included in the price of your holiday.</i></p><p><i>The building plans include much needed new office accommodation.</i></p><p><i>First-class accommodation is available on all flights.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   ( )  somewhere to live or stay, often also providing food or other services<p><i>More and more travelers are looking for bed and breakfast accommodations in private homes.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   ( )  an agreement or arrangement between people or groups with different opinions which is acceptable to everyone; the process of reaching this agreement<p><i>They were forced to reach an accommodation with the rebels.</i></p><p><i>The two countries should be persuaded to work towards some sort of mutual accommodation.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: analogous

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  analogous (to/with something) similar in some way to another thing or situation and therefore able to be compared with it<p><i>Sleep has often been thought of as being in some way analogous to death.</i></p><p><i>The two processes are not analogous.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: analogy

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similar<p><i><b>analogy (between A and B) </b><br>The teacher drew an analogy  between the human heart and a pump.</i></p><p><i><b>analogy (with something) </b><br>There are no analogies with any previous legal cases.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of comparing one thing with another thing that has similar features in order to explain it<p><i>learning by analogy</i></p></li></ul>

Word: anticipate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to expect something compare  unanticipated<p><i><b>anticipate something </b><br>We don’t anticipate any major problems.</i></p><p><i>Our anticipated arrival time is  . 0.</i></p><p><i>The eagerly anticipated movie will be released next month.</i></p><p><i><b>anticipate doing something </b><br>They anticipate moving to bigger premises by the end of the year.</i></p><p><i><b>anticipate something doing something </b><br>I don’t anticipate it being a problem.</i></p><p><i><b>anticipate that… </b><br>We anticipate that sales will rise next year.</i></p><p><i><b>it is anticipated that… </b><br>It is anticipated that inflation will stabilize at  %.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to see what might happen in the future and take action to prepare for it<p><i><b>anticipate something </b><br>We need someone who can anticipate and respond to changes in the fashion industry.</i></p><p><i><b>anticipate what, how, that, etc… </b><br>Try and anticipate what the interviewers will ask.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>anticipate (doing) something |  anticipate (something doing) something to think with pleasure and excitement about something that is going to happen<p><i>We eagerly anticipated the day we would leave school.</i></p><p><i>The more I anticipated arriving somewhere, the more disappointed I was.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>anticipate somebody (doing something) ( )  to do something before it can be done by somebody else Synonym   forestall<p><i>When Scott reached the South Pole he found that Amundsen had anticipated him.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: anticipation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the fact of seeing that something might happen in the future and perhaps doing something about it now<p><i>He bought extra food in anticipation of  more people coming than he’d invited.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a feeling of excitement about something (usually something good) that is going to happen<p><i>happy/eager/excited anticipation</i></p><p><i>The courtroom was filled with anticipation.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assurance

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a statement that something will certainly be true or will certainly happen, particularly when there has been doubt about it Synonym   guarantee   ,  promise    ,<p><i>They called for assurances that the government is committed to its education policy.</i></p><p><i>Unemployment seems to be rising, despite repeated assurances to the contrary .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( self-assurance )   uncountable   belief in your own abilities or strengths Synonym   confidence<p><i>There was an air of easy assurance and calm about him.</i></p><p><i>It was good to see some of her old assurance coming back.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  a type of insurance in which money is paid out when somebody dies or after an agreed period of time<p><i>a life assurance company</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assure

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to tell somebody that something is definitely true or is definitely going to happen, especially when they have doubts about it<p><i><b>assure somebody (that)… </b><br>You think I did it deliberately, but I assure you (that) I did not.</i></p><p><i>We were assured that everything possible was being done.</i></p><p><i>She’s perfectly safe, I can assure you .</i></p><p><i><b>assure somebody (of something) </b><br>We assured him of our support.</i></p><p><i>I won’t let you down, I can assure you of that.</i></p><p><i><b>assure somebody + speech </b><br>‘He’ll come back,’ Susan assured her.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  to make yourself certain about something<p><i><b>assure yourself of something </b><br>He assured himself of her safety.</i></p><p><i><b>assure yourself that… </b><br>She assured herself that the letter was still in the drawer.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to make something certain to happen Synonym   guarantee<p><i><b>assure something </b><br>Victory would assure a place in the finals.</i></p><p><i><b>assure somebody something </b><br>Victory would assure them a place in the finals.</i></p><p><i>This achievement has assured her a place in the history books.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>assure something ( )  to insure  something, especially against somebody’s death<p><i>What is the sum assured?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assured

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( self-assured ) confident in yourself and your abilities<p><i>He spoke in a calm, assured voice.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>certain to happen Synonym   guaranteed<p><i>Success seemed assured.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>assured of something ( of a person )  certain to get something<p><i>You are assured of a warm welcome at this hotel.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assuredly

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) certainly; definitely<p><i>Their attempts will most assuredly fail.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attain

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>attain something to succeed in getting something, usually after a lot of effort<p><i>Most of our students attained five ‘A’ grades in their exams.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>attain something to reach a particular age, level or condition<p><i>The cheetah can attain speeds of up to    kph.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attainable

Meaning: <ul><li>that you can achieve Opposite   unattainable<p><i>attainable goals/objectives/targets</i></p><p><i>This standard is easily attainable by most students.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: attainment

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   ( )  something that you achieved<p><i>a young woman of impressive educational attainments</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   success in achieving something<p><i>The attainment of his ambitions was still a dream.</i></p><p><i>attainment targets (= for example in education)</i></p><p><i>Bonus payments encourage the attainment of higher production targets.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: behalf

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>as the representative of somebody or instead of them<p><i>On behalf of the department I would like to thank you all.</i></p><p><i>Mr Knight cannot be here, so his wife will accept the prize on his behalf.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>in order to help somebody<p><i>They campaigned on behalf of asylum seekers.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>because of somebody; for somebody<p><i>Don’t worry on my behalf.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: bulk

Meaning: <ul><li>( ,  )  to be the most important part of something to make something bigger, thicker or heavier<p><i>The issue is likely to bulk large at the next summit meeting.</i></p><p><i>Sausages often have bread in them to bulk them out.</i></p><p><i>He acquired another small airline and bulked up operations.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: bulky

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of a thing )  large and difficult to move or carry<p><i>Bulky items will be collected separately.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  tall and heavy<p><i>The bulky figure of Inspector Jones appeared at the door.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: cease

Meaning: <ul><li>    intransitive ,  transitive   ( ) to stop happening or existing; to stop something from happening or existing see also  cessation   Idioms  see  wonders will never cease  at  wonder   n.<p><i>Welfare payments cease as soon as an individual starts a job.</i></p><p><i><b>cease to do something </b><br>You never cease to amaze me!</i></p><p><i><b>cease something </b><br>They voted to cease strike action immediately.</i></p><p><i>He ordered his men to cease fire (= stop shooting) .</i></p><p><i><b>cease doing something </b><br>The company ceased trading in June.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ceaseless

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) not stopping; seeming to have no end Synonym   constant   ,  interminable    ,<p><i>the ceaseless rain</i></p><p><i>His ceaseless questions began to annoy me.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: coherence

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( ) the situation in which all the parts of something fit together well Opposite   incoherence<p><i>The points you make are fine, but the whole essay lacks coherence.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: coherent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of ideas, thoughts, arguments, etc. )  logical and well organized; easy to understand and clear<p><i>a coherent narrative/account/explanation</i></p><p><i>a coherent policy for the transport system</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  able to talk and express yourself clearly<p><i>She only became coherent again two hours after the attack.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: coincide

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( of two or more events )  to take place at the same time<p><i>It’s a pity our trips to New York don’t coincide.</i></p><p><i><b>coincide with something </b><br>The strike was timed to coincide with the party conference.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( ) ( of ideas, opinions, etc. )  to be the same or very similar<p><i>The interests of employers and employees do not always coincide.</i></p><p><i><b>coincide with something </b><br>Her story coincided exactly with her brother’s.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( ) ( of objects or places )  to meet; to share the same space<p><i>At this point the two paths coincide briefly.</i></p><p><i><b>coincide with something </b><br>The present position of the house coincides with that of an earlier dwelling.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: coincidence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the fact of two things happening at the same time by chance, in a surprising way<p><i>a strange/an extraordinary/a remarkable coincidence</i></p><p><i>What a coincidence!  I wasn’t expecting to see you here.</i></p><p><i>It’s not a coincidence that  none of the directors are women (= it did not happen by chance) .</i></p><p><i>By (sheer) coincidence , I met the person we’d been discussing the next day.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   ( )  the fact of things being present at the same time<p><i>the coincidence of inflation and unemployment</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   ( )  the fact of two or more opinions, etc. being the same<p><i>a coincidence of interests between the two partners</i></p></li></ul>

Word: coincident

Meaning: <ul><li>coincident (with something) ( )  happening in the same place or at the same time</li></ul>

Word: coincidental

Meaning: <ul><li>  not usually before noun   happening by chance; not planned<p><i>I suppose your presence here today is not entirely coincidental .</i></p><p><i>It’s purely coincidental that  we both chose to call our daughters Emma.</i></p><p><i>Coincidentally, they had both studied in Paris.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: commence

Meaning: <ul><li>  intransitive ,  transitive   ( ) to begin to happen; to begin something<p><i>The meeting is scheduled to commence at noon.</i></p><p><i>I will be on leave during the week commencing    February.</i></p><p><i><b>commence with something </b><br>The day commenced with a welcome from the principal.</i></p><p><i><b>commence something </b><br>She commenced her medical career in     .</i></p><p><i>The company commenced operations  in April.</i></p><p><i>to commence bankruptcy proceedings against somebody</i></p><p><i><b>commence doing something </b><br>We commence building next week.</i></p><p><i><b>commence to do something </b><br>Operators commenced to build pipelines in     .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: commencement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  beginning<p><i>the commencement of the financial year</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a ceremony at which students receive their academic degrees or diplomas  Synonym   graduation</li></ul>

Word: compatibility

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the ability of people or things to live or exist together without problems<p><i>The compatibility of brothers and sisters depends on their personalities.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the ability of machines, especially computers, and computer programs to be used together</li></ul>

Word: compatible

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>compatible (with something) ( of machines, especially computers )  able to be used together<p><i>compatible software</i></p><p><i>The new system will be compatible with existing equipment.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>compatible (with something) ( of ideas, methods or things )  able to exist or be used together without causing problems<p><i>Are measures to protect the environment compatible with economic growth?</i></p><p><i>compatible blood groups</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>compatible (with somebody) if two people are compatible , they can have a good relationship because they have similar ideas, interests, etc. Opposite   incompatible<p><i>She found a compatible partner through a computer dating agency.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: concurrent

Meaning: <ul><li>concurrent (with something) existing or happening at the same time<p><i>He was imprisoned for two concurrent terms of   months and    months.</i></p><p><i>The prison sentences will run concurrently.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: confine

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>confine somebody/something to something   often passive   to keep somebody/something inside the limits of a particular activity, subject, area, etc. Synonym   restrict<p><i>The work will not be confined to the Glasgow area.</i></p><p><i>I will confine myself  to looking at the period from   0 to     .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>confine somebody/something (in something)   usually passive   to keep a person or an animal in a small or closed space<p><i>Keep the dog confined in a suitable travelling cage.</i></p><p><i>Here the river is confined in a narrow channel.</i></p><p><i>The soldiers concerned were confined to barracks (= had to stay in the barracks , as a punishment) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to have to stay in bed, in a wheelchair , etc<p><i>She was confined to bed with the flu.</i></p><p><i>He was confined to a wheelchair after the accident.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: confined

Meaning: <ul><li>    usually before noun   ( of a space or an area )  small and surrounded by walls or sides<p><i>It is cruel to keep animals in confined spaces.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: controversial

Meaning: <ul><li>causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement Opposite   non-controversial   ,  uncontroversial    ,<p><i>a highly controversial  topic</i></p><p><i>one of the most controversial of London’s new office blocks</i></p><p><i>a controversial plan to build a new road</i></p><p><i>Winston Churchill and Richard Nixon were both controversial figures.</i></p><p><i>Punishments for prisoners include loss of privileges and, more controversially, the stopping of visits.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: controversy

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable ,  countable   controversy (over/about/surrounding somebody/something) public discussion and argument about something that many people strongly disagree about, disapprove of, or are shocked by<p><i>to arouse/cause controversy</i></p><p><i>a bitter controversy over/about  the site of the new airport</i></p><p><i>the controversy surrounding his latest movie</i></p><p><i>The President resigned amid considerable controversy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: converse

Meaning: <ul><li>  singular   ( ) the opposite or reverse of a fact or statement<p><i>Building new roads increases traffic and the converse is equally true: reducing the number and size of roads means less traffic.</i></p><p><i>the converse effect</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conversely

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) in a way that is the opposite or reverse of something<p><i>You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.</i></p><p><i>Women suffering from anorexia are still convinced that their thin, frail bodies are fat and unsightly. Conversely, some people who are a great deal heavier than they should be can persuade themselves that they are ‘just right’.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: device

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>an object or a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job<p><i>a water-saving device</i></p><p><i>This device enables deaf people to communicate by typing messages instead of speaking.</i></p><p><i>electrical labour-saving devices around the home</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a bomb or weapon that will explode<p><i>A powerful device exploded outside the station.</i></p><p><i>the world’s first atomic device</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a method of doing something that produces a particular result or effect<p><i>Sending advertising by email is very successful as a marketing device.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a plan or trick that is used to get something that somebody wants<p><i>The report was a device used to hide rather than reveal problems.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: devote

Meaning: <ul><li>  to give most of your time, energy, attention, etc. to somebody/something to give an amount of time, attention, etc. to something<p><i>She devoted herself to her career.</i></p><p><i>I could only devote two hours a day to the work.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: devotion

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   devotion (to somebody/something) great love, care and support for somebody/something<p><i>His devotion to his wife and family is touching.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   devotion (to somebody/something) the action of spending a lot of time or energy on something Synonym   dedication<p><i>her devotion to duty</i></p><p><i>Her devotion to the job left her with very little free time.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  plural   prayers and other religious practices</li></ul>

Word: diminish

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   diminish (something) to become or to make something become smaller, weaker, etc. Synonym   decrease<p><i>The world’s resources are rapidly diminishing.</i></p><p><i>His influence has diminished with time.</i></p><p><i>Our efforts were producing diminishing returns (= we achieved less although we spent more time or money) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   diminish somebody/something to make somebody/something seem less important than they really are Synonym   belittle<p><i>I don’t wish to diminish the importance of their contribution.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: diminution

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of reducing something or of being reduced<p><i>the diminution of political power</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a reduction; an amount reduced<p><i>a diminution in population growth</i></p></li></ul>

Word: distort

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>distort something to change the shape, appearance or sound of something so that it is strange or not clear<p><i>a fairground mirror that distorts your shape</i></p><p><i>The loudspeaker seemed to distort his voice.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>distort something to twist or change facts, ideas, etc. so that they are no longer correct or true<p><i>Newspapers are often guilty of distorting the truth.</i></p><p><i>The article gave a distorted picture of his childhood.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: duration

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   ( ) the length of time that something lasts or continues ( )  until the end of a particular situation<p><i>The school was used as a hospital for the duration of the war.</i></p><p><i>a contract of three years’ duration</i></p></li></ul>

Word: erode

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   to gradually destroy the surface of something through the action of wind, rain, etc; to be gradually destroyed in this way Synonym   wear away<p><i><b>erode something (away) </b><br>The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea.</i></p><p><i><b>erode (away) </b><br>The rocks have eroded away over time.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  intransitive   erode (something) to gradually destroy something or make it weaker over a period of time; to be destroyed or made weaker in this way<p><i>Her confidence has been slowly eroded by repeated failures.</i></p><p><i>Mortgage payments have been eroded (= decreased in value)  by inflation.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ethic

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  plural   moral principles that control or influence a person’s behaviour<p><i>professional/business/medical ethics</i></p><p><i>to draw up a code of ethics</i></p><p><i>He began to question the ethics of his position.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  singular   a system of moral principles or rules of behaviour<p><i>a strongly defined work ethic</i></p><p><i>the Protestant ethic</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles</li></ul>

Word: ethical

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>connected with beliefs and principles about what is right and wrong<p><i>ethical issues/standards/questions</i></p><p><i>the ethical problems  of human embryo research</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>morally correct or acceptable<p><i>Is it ethical to promote cigarettes through advertising?</i></p><p><i>ethical investment (= investing money in businesses that are considered morally acceptable)</i></p></li></ul>

Word: format

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>format something to prepare a computer disk so that data can be recorded on it</li><li><b> . </b>format something ( technical )  to arrange text in a particular way on a page or a screen</li></ul>

Word: found

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>found something to start something, such as an organization or an institution, especially by providing money Synonym   establish<p><i>to found a club/company</i></p><p><i>Her family founded the college in     .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>found something to be the first to start building and living in a town or country<p><i>The town was founded by English settlers in    0.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   found something (on something) to base something on something see also  ill-founded  ,  unfounded  ,  well founded   ,  ,<p><i>Their marriage was founded on love and mutual respect.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>found something ( technical )  to melt metal and pour it into a mould ; to make objects using this process</li></ul>

Word: immature

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>behaving in a way that is not sensible and is typical of people who are much younger<p><i>immature behaviour</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not fully developed or grown<p><i>immature plants</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incoherent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of people )  unable to express yourself clearly, often because of emotion Opposite   coherent<p><i>She broke off, incoherent with anger.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of sounds )  not clear and hard to understand Synonym   unintelligible<p><i>Rachel whispered something incoherent.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not logical or well organized<p><i>an incoherent policy</i></p></li></ul>

Word: incompatible

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>incompatible (with something) two actions, ideas, etc. that are incompatible  are not acceptable or possible together because of basic differences<p><i>The hours of the job are incompatible with family life.</i></p><p><i>These two objectives are mutually incompatible .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>two people who are incompatible  are very different from each other and so are not able to live or work happily together<p><i>She and her husband soon proved to be totally incompatible.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>incompatible (with something) two things that are incompatible  are of different types so that they cannot be used or mixed together Opposite   compatible<p><i>New computer software is often incompatible with older computers.</i></p><p><i>Those two blood groups are incompatible.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inherent

Meaning: <ul><li>inherent (in somebody/something) that is a basic or permanent part of somebody/something and that cannot be removed Synonym   intrinsic<p><i>the difficulties inherent in a study of this type</i></p><p><i>Violence is inherent in our society.</i></p><p><i>an inherent weakness in the design of the machine</i></p><p><i>an inherently unworkable system</i></p></li></ul>

Word: insight

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations<p><i>a writer of great insight</i></p><p><i>With a flash of insight I realized what the dream meant.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   insight (into something) an understanding of what something is like<p><i>The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.</i></p><p><i>I hope you have gained some insight into the difficulties we face.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: insightful

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) showing a clear understanding of a person or situation Synonym   perceptive<p><i>an insightful historian</i></p></li></ul>

Word: integral

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>being an essential part of something<p><i>Music is an integral part of  the school’s curriculum.</i></p><p><i><b>integral to something </b><br>Practical experience is integral to the course.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   included as part of something, rather than supplied separately<p><i>All models have an integral CD player.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   having all the parts that are necessary for something to be complete<p><i>an integral system</i></p></li></ul>

Word: intermediate

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who is learning something and who has more than a basic knowledge of it but is not yet advanced</li></ul>

Word: manual

Meaning: <ul><li>a book that tells you how to do or operate something, especially one that comes with a machine, etc. when you buy it compare  handbook   not being operated automatically<p><i>a computer/car/instruction manual</i></p><p><i>Why don’t you read the manual?</i></p><p><i>Leave the controls on manual.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: manual

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of work, etc. )  involving using the hands or physical strength<p><i>manual labour/jobs/skills</i></p><p><i>manual and non-manual workers</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>operated or controlled by hand rather than automatically or using electricity, etc<p><i>a manual gearbox</i></p><p><i>My camera has manual and automatic functions.</i></p><p><i>The company has now transferred all its manual records onto computer.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>connected with using the hands<p><i>manual dexterity</i></p></li></ul>

Word: maturation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the process of becoming or being made mature  (= ready to eat or drink after being left for a period of time)</li><li><b> . </b>the process of becoming adult</li></ul>

Word: mature

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to become fully grown or developed<p><i>This particular breed of cattle matures early.</i></p><p><i>Technology in this field has matured considerably over the last decade.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to develop emotionally and start to behave like a sensible adult<p><i>He has matured a great deal over the past year.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   mature (into something) to fully develop a particular skill or quality<p><i>She has matured into one of the country’s finest actresses.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   mature (something) if wine, cheese, etc.matures  or is matured , it develops over a period of time to produce a strong, rich flavour</li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( business )  to reach the date when it must be paid<p><i>She has a number of investments that mature at the end of the year.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: mature

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( of a child or young person )  behaving in a sensible way, like an adult Opposite   immature<p><i>Jane is very mature for her age.</i></p><p><i>a mature and sensible attitude</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person, a tree, a bird or an animal )  fully grown and developed Opposite   immature<p><i>sexually mature</i></p><p><i>a mature oak/eagle/elephant</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>developed over a period of time to produce a strong, rich flavour</li><li><b> . </b>used as a polite or humorous way of saying that somebody is no longer young<p><i>clothes for the mature woman</i></p><p><i>a man of mature years</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>created late in an artist’s life and showing great understanding and skill</li><li><b> . </b>( business )  ready to be paid</li></ul>

Word: maturity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the quality of thinking and behaving in a sensible, adult manner compare  immaturity<p><i>He has maturity beyond his years.</i></p><p><i>Her poems show great maturity.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person, an animal, or a plant )  the state of being fully grown or developed compare  immaturity<p><i>The forest will take  0 years to reach maturity .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( business ) ( of an insurance policy, etc. )  the time when money you have invested is ready to be paid</li></ul>

Word: mediate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to try to end a disagreement between two or more people or groups by talking to them and trying to find things that everyone can agree on<p><i><b>mediate (in something) </b><br>The Secretary-General was asked to mediate in the dispute.</i></p><p><i><b>mediate between A and B </b><br>An independent body was brought in to mediate between staff and management.</i></p><p><i><b>mediate something </b><br>to mediate differences/disputes/problems</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   mediate something to succeed in finding a solution to a disagreement between people or groups Synonym   negotiate<p><i>They mediated a settlement.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive ,  usually passive   mediate something ( technical )  to influence something and/or make it possible for it to happen<p><i>Educational success is mediated by economic factors.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: medium

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a way of communicating information, etc. to people Help  see also  media  ,  mass media   ,<p><i>the medium of radio/television</i></p><p><i>electronic/audio-visual media</i></p><p><i>Television is the modern medium of communication .</i></p><p><i>A T-shirt can be an excellent medium for getting your message across.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>something that is used for a particular purpose<p><i>English is the medium of instruction (= the language used to teach other subjects) .</i></p><p><i>Video is a good medium for learning a foreign language.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the material or the form that an artist, a writer or a musician uses<p><i>the medium of paint/poetry/drama</i></p><p><i>Watercolour is his favourite medium.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( biology )  a substance that something exists or grows in or that it travels through<p><i>The bacteria were growing in a sugar medium.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a person who claims to be able to communicate with the spirits of dead people Idioms  see  a/the happy medium  at  happy</li></ul>

Word: military

Meaning: <ul><li>    usually before noun   connected with soldiers or the armed forces compare  civilian<p><i>military training/intelligence</i></p><p><i>a military coup</i></p><p><i>military uniform</i></p><p><i>We may have to take military action.</i></p><p><i>a militarily superior country</i></p><p><i>We may have to intervene militarily in the area.</i></p><p><i>militarily sensitive areas</i></p></li></ul>

Word: military

Meaning: <ul><li>  singular + singular or plural verb   soldiers; the armed forces<p><i>The military was/were called in to deal with the riot.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: minimal

Meaning: <ul><li>very small in size or amount; as small as possible compare  maximal<p><i>The work was carried out at minimal cost.</i></p><p><i>There’s only a minimal amount of risk involved.</i></p><p><i>The damage to the car was minimal.</i></p><p><i>minimally invasive surgery</i></p><p><i>The episode was reported minimally in the press.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: minimalist

Meaning: <ul><li>an artist, a musician, etc. who uses very simple ideas or a very small number of simple things in their work   uncountable  <p><i>a minimalist style</i></p><p><i>minimalist paintings/sculptures</i></p></li></ul>

Word: mutual

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>used to describe feelings that two or more people have for each other equally, or actions that affect two or more people equally<p><i>mutual respect/understanding</i></p><p><i>mutual support/aid</i></p><p><i>They parted by mutual consent.</i></p><p><i>I don’t like her, and I think the feeling is mutual (= she doesn’t like me either) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   shared by two or more people<p><i>We met at the home of a mutual friend.</i></p><p><i>They soon discovered a mutual interest in music.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: mutually

Meaning: <ul><li>felt or done equally by two or more people<p><i>a mutually beneficial/supportive  relationship</i></p><p><i>Can we find a mutually convenient time to meet?</i></p><p><i>The two views are not mutually exclusive (= both can be true at the same time) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: norm

Meaning: <ul><li>norm something to adjust something so that it is of the required standard; to establish a required or agreed standard for something<p><i>You can use the information to norm the test.</i></p><p><i>to norm the practice of trading on the Internet</i></p><p><i>What is the best way to norm the output of the models?</i></p></li></ul>

Word: overlap

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   overlap (between something and something) a shared area of interest, knowledge, responsibility, etc<p><i>There is (a) considerable overlap between the two subjects.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   the amount by which one thing covers another thing<p><i>an overlap of   cm on each roof tile</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   a period of time in which two events or activities happen together<p><i>There will be an overlap of a week while John teaches Ann the job.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: passive

Meaning: <ul><li>( passive voice )   singular   ( grammar )  the form of a verb used when the subject is affected by the action of the verb compare  active</li></ul>

Word: passive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>accepting what happens or what people do without trying to change anything or oppose them<p><i>He played a passive role in the relationship.</i></p><p><i>a passive observer of events</i></p><p><i>She wore a passive expression on her face as if she didn’t care what happened.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( grammar )  connected with the form of a verb used when the subject is affected by the action of the verb, for example He was bitten by a dog.  is a passive sentence compare  active</li></ul>

Word: passivity

Meaning: <ul><li>  uncountable   the state of accepting what happens without reacting or trying to fight against it</li></ul>

Word: portion

Meaning: <ul><li>to divide something into parts or portions<p><i><b>portion something </b><br>The factory portions and packs over   00 meals a day.</i></p><p><i><b>portion something out </b><br>Land was portioned out among the clans.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: preliminary

Meaning: <ul><li>preliminary (to something) a preliminary  is an action or event that is done in preparation for something<p><i>Research will be needed as a preliminary to taking a decision.</i></p><p><i>I’ll skip the usual preliminaries and come straight to the point.</i></p><p><i>England was lucky to get through the preliminaries (= the preliminary  stages in a sports competition) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: protocol

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a system of fixed rules and formal behaviour used at official meetings, usually between governments<p><i>a breach of protocol</i></p><p><i>the protocol of diplomatic visits</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( technical )  the first or original version of an agreement, especially a treaty  between countries, etc; an extra part added to an agreement or treaty<p><i>the first Geneva Protocol</i></p><p><i>It is set out in a legally binding protocol which forms part of the treaty.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( computing )  a set of rules that control the way data is sent between computers</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( technical )  a plan for performing a scientific experiment or medical treatment</li></ul>

Word: qualitative

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   connected with how good something is, rather than with how much of it there is compare  quantitative<p><i>qualitative analysis/research</i></p><p><i>There are qualitative differences between the two products.</i></p><p><i>qualitatively different</i></p></li></ul>

Word: refine

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>refine something to make a substance pure by taking other substances out of it<p><i>the process of refining oil/sugar</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>refine something to improve something by making small changes to it<p><i>She has refined her playing technique over the years.</i></p><p><i>This theory still needs a little refining.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: refined

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   ( of a substance )  made pure by having other substances taken out of it<p><i>refined sugar</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  polite, well educated and able to judge the quality of things; having the sort of manners that are considered typical of a high social class Synonym   cultured   ,  genteel    ,  Opposite   unrefined<p><i>Beneath his refined manners and superficial elegance the man was a snake.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: refinement

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a small change to something that improves it Synonym   enhancement<p><i>This particular model has a further refinement.</i></p><p><i>all the refinements of modern technology</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   refinement of something a thing that is an improvement on an earlier, similar thing<p><i>The new plan is a refinement of the one before.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of improving something or of making something pure<p><i>the refinement of industrial techniques</i></p><p><i>the refinement of uranium</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the quality of being polite and well educated and able to judge the quality of things; the state of having the sort of manners that are considered typical of a high social class Synonym   gentility<p><i>a person of considerable refinement</i></p><p><i>an atmosphere of refinement</i></p></li></ul>

Word: relax

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to rest while you are doing something enjoyable, especially after work or effort Synonym   unwind<p><i>Just relax and enjoy the movie.</i></p><p><i>I’m going to spend the weekend just relaxing.</i></p><p><i><b>relax with something </b><br>When I get home from work I like to relax with the newspaper.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   relax (somebody) to become or make somebody become calmer and less worried<p><i>I’ll only relax when I know you’re safe.</i></p><p><i>Relax! Everything will be OK.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to become or make something become less tight or stiff<p><i>Allow your muscles to relax completely.</i></p><p><i><b>relax something </b><br>The massage relaxed my tense back muscles.</i></p><p><i>He relaxed his grip  on her arm.</i></p><p><i>The dictator refuses to relax his grip on power.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   relax something to allow rules, laws, etc. to become less strict<p><i>The council has relaxed the ban on dogs in city parks.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   relax something to allow your attention or effort to become weaker<p><i>You cannot afford to relax your concentration for a moment.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: relaxation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ways of resting and enjoying yourself; time spent resting and enjoying yourself<p><i>I go hill-walking for relaxation.</i></p><p><i>a few days of relaxation</i></p><p><i>relaxation techniques</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   something pleasant you do in order to rest, especially after you have been working<p><i>Fishing is his favourite relaxation.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   the act of making a rule or some form of control less strict or severe<p><i>the relaxation of foreign currency controls</i></p><p><i>a relaxation of travel restrictions</i></p></li></ul>

Word: relaxed

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>relaxed (about something) ( of a person )  calm and not anxious or worried<p><i>He appeared relaxed and confident before the match.</i></p><p><i>She had a very relaxed manner.</i></p><p><i>I’m feeling more relaxed about the future now.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a place )  calm and informal<p><i>a family-run hotel with a relaxed atmosphere</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>relaxed (about something) not caring too much about discipline or making people follow rules Synonym   laid-back<p><i>I take a fairly relaxed attitude  towards what the kids wear to school.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: relaxing

Meaning: <ul><li>  helping you to rest and become less anxious<p><i>a relaxing evening with friends</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restrain

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to stop somebody/something from doing something, especially by using physical force<p><i><b>restrain somebody/something </b><br>The prisoner had to be restrained by the police.</i></p><p><i>He placed a restraining hand on her arm.</i></p><p><i><b>restrain somebody/something from something/from doing something </b><br>I had to restrain her from hitting out at passers-by.</i></p><p><i>They have obtained an injunction restraining the company from selling the product.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>to stop yourself from feeling an emotion or doing something that you would like to do<p><i><b>restrain something </b><br>John managed to restrain his anger.</i></p><p><i>I restrained the urge to punch him.</i></p><p><i><b>restrain yourself (from something/from doing something) </b><br>She had to restrain herself from crying out in pain.</i></p><p><i>I was tempted to answer back, but I restrained myself.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>restrain something to stop something that is growing or increasing from becoming too large Synonym   keep under control<p><i>The government is taking steps to restrain inflation.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restrained

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>showing calm control rather than emotion<p><i>her restrained smile</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>not too brightly coloured or decorated Synonym   discreet<p><i>The costumes and lighting in the play were restrained.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: restraint

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   restraint (on somebody/something) a rule, a fact, an idea, etc. that limits or controls what people can do<p><i>The government has imposed export restraints on some products.</i></p><p><i>social restraints on drinking alcohol</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the act of controlling or limiting something because it is necessary or sensible to do so<p><i>wage restraint</i></p><p><i>They said that they would fight without restraint (= completely freely)  for what they wanted.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the quality of behaving calmly and with control Synonym   self-control<p><i>The police appealed to the crowd for restraint.</i></p><p><i>He exercised  considerable restraint  in ignoring the insults.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   ( )  the use of physical force to control somebody who is behaving in a violent way<p><i>the physical restraint of prisoners</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a type of seat belt  or safety device<p><i>Children must use an approved child restraint or adult seat belt.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: revolution

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   an attempt, by a large number of people, to change the government of a country, especially by violent action see also  counter-revolution  ,  revolt   ,<p><i>a socialist revolution</i></p><p><i>the outbreak of the French Revolution in     </i></p><p><i>to start a revolution</i></p><p><i>a country on the brink of revolution</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc. that affects large numbers of people see also  Industrial Revolution<p><i>a cultural/social/scientific, etc. revolution</i></p><p><i><b>revolution in something </b><br>A revolution in information technology is taking place.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   revolution (around/on something) a complete circular  movement around a point, especially of one planet around another see also  revolve<p><i>the revolution of the earth around the sun</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( rev )   countable   a circular  movement made by something fixed to a central point, for example in a car engine<p><i>rotating at  0 revolutions per minute</i></p></li></ul>

Word: revolutionary

Meaning: <ul><li>a person who starts or supports a revolution, especially a political one<p><i>socialist revolutionaries</i></p></li></ul>

Word: revolutionize

Meaning: <ul><li>(British English also    )     revolutionize something to completely change the way that something is done<p><i>Aerial photography has revolutionized the study of archaeology.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: rigid

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( ) ( of rules, methods, etc. )  very strict and difficult to change Synonym   inflexible<p><i>The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.</i></p><p><i>His rigid adherence to the rules made him unpopular.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person )  not willing to change their ideas or behaviour Synonym   inflexible<p><i>rigid attitudes</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of an object or substance )  stiff and difficult to move or bend<p><i>a rigid support for the tent</i></p><p><i>She sat upright, her body rigid with fear .</i></p><p><i>I was bored rigid (= extremely bored) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: route

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  route somebody/something (+ adverb/preposition) to send somebody/something by a particular route<p><i>Satellites route data all over the globe.</i></p><p><i>The flight to Sydney is routed via Tokyo.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: scenario

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a description of how things might happen in the future<p><i>Let me suggest a possible scenario .</i></p><p><i>The worst-case scenario (= the worst possible thing that could happen)  would be for the factory to be closed down.</i></p><p><i>a nightmare scenario</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a written outline of what happens in a film/movie or play Synonym   synopsis</li></ul>

Word: sphere

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( geometry )  a solid figure that is completely round, with every point on its surface at an equal distance from the centre</li><li><b> . </b>any object that is completely round, for example a ball</li><li><b> . </b>an area of activity, influence or interest; a particular section of society Synonym   domain<p><i>the political sphere</i></p><p><i>This area was formerly within the sphere of influence  of the US.</i></p><p><i>He and I moved in totally different social spheres.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( in nouns )  a region that surrounds a planet, especially the earth<p><i>ionosphere</i></p><p><i>atmosphere</i></p></li></ul>

Word: spherical

Meaning: <ul><li>shaped like a sphere  Synonym   round</li></ul>

Word: subordinate

Meaning: <ul><li>subordinate somebody/something (to somebody/something) to treat somebody/something as less important than somebody/something else   uncountable  <p><i>Safety considerations were subordinated to commercial interests.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: supplement

Meaning: <ul><li>to add something to something in order to improve it or make it more complete   uncountable  <p><i><b>supplement something with something </b><br>a diet supplemented with vitamin pills</i></p><p><i><b>supplement something </b><br>He supplements his income by giving private lessons.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: supplementary

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) ( supplemental ) provided in addition to something else in order to improve or complete it Synonym   additional<p><i>supplementary information</i></p><p><i>A supplementary reading list is attached.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: suspend

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>suspend something/somebody (from something) (by/on something) ( )  to hang something from something else<p><i>A lamp was suspended from the ceiling.</i></p><p><i>Her body was found suspended by a rope.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>suspend something to officially stop something for a time; to prevent something from being active, used, etc. for a time<p><i>Production has been suspended while safety checks are carried out.</i></p><p><i>The constitution was suspended as the fighting grew worse.</i></p><p><i>In the theatre we willingly suspend disbelief (= temporarily believe that the characters, etc. are real) .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>suspend something to officially delay something; to arrange for something to happen later than planned<p><i>The introduction of the new system has been suspended until next year.</i></p><p><i>to suspend judgement (= delay forming or expressing an opinion)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually passive   suspend somebody (from something) to officially prevent somebody from doing their job, going to school, etc. for a time<p><i>The police officer was suspended while the complaint was investigated.</i></p><p><i>She was suspended from school for a week.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( technical )  to float in liquid or air without moving<p><i>Small droplets are held suspended in the atmosphere.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: suspension

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the act of officially removing somebody from their job, school, team, etc. for a period of time, usually as a punishment<p><i>suspension from school</i></p><p><i>The two players are appealing against their suspensions.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  singular   the act of delaying something for a period of time, until a decision has been taken<p><i>These events have led to the suspension of talks.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the system by which a vehicle is supported on its wheels and which makes it more comfortable to ride in when the road surface is not even<p><i>the front/rear suspension</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   ( technical )  a liquid with very small pieces of solid matter floating in it; the state of such a liquid</li></ul>

Word: team

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually passive   team somebody/something (with somebody/something) to put two or more things or people together in order to do something or to achieve a particular effect to join with another person or group in order to do something together to put two or more people or things together in order to do something or to achieve a particular effect<p><i>This production of ‘Macbeth’ teams two of our finest actors.</i></p><p><i>He was teamed with his brother in the doubles.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: temporary

Meaning: <ul><li>  lasting or intended to last or be used only for a short time; not permanent Opposite   permanent      uncountable  <p><i>temporary relief from pain</i></p><p><i>I’m looking for some temporary work .</i></p><p><i>They had to move into temporary accommodation .</i></p><p><i>a temporary measure/solution/arrangement</i></p><p><i>More than half the staff are temporary.</i></p><p><i>We regret this service is temporarily unavailable.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: trigger

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>trigger something (off) to make something happen suddenly Synonym   set off<p><i>Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>trigger something to cause a device to start functioning Synonym   set off<p><i>to trigger an alarm</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unanticipated

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) that you have not expected or predicted; that you have not anticipated<p><i>unanticipated costs</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unattainable

Meaning: <ul><li>impossible to achieve or reach Opposite   attainable<p><i>an unattainable goal</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unconfined

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  not limited in space, range or amount<p><i>The animals have unconfined access to pasture.</i></p><p><i>When the news came through joy was unconfined.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: uncontroversial

Meaning: <ul><li>not causing, or not likely to cause, any disagreement Opposite   controversial    compare  non-controversial<p><i>an uncontroversial opinion</i></p><p><i>He chose an uncontroversial topic for his speech.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: undiminished

Meaning: <ul><li>that has not become smaller or weaker<p><i>They continued with undiminished enthusiasm.</i></p><p><i>Her influence in the company remained undiminished.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unethical

Meaning: <ul><li>not morally acceptable Opposite   ethical<p><i>unethical behaviour</i></p><p><i>It would be unethical to carry out such experiments on animals.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unfounded

Meaning: <ul><li>not based on reason or fact<p><i>unfounded allegations/rumours, etc.</i></p><p><i>Speculation about a divorce proved  totally unfounded .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unify

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  ,  unify something to join people, things, parts of a country, etc. together so that they form a single unit   uncountable  <p><i>The new leader hopes to unify the country.</i></p><p><i>the task of unifying Europe</i></p><p><i>a unified transport system</i></p><p><i>the unification of Germany</i></p></li></ul>

Word: unrestrained

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) not controlled; not having been restrained<p><i>unrestrained aggression</i></p></li></ul>

Word: violate

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>violate something ( )  to go against or refuse to obey a law, an agreement, etc. Synonym   flout<p><i>to violate international law</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>violate something ( )  to disturb or not respect somebody’s peace, privacy , etc<p><i>She accused the press photographers of violating her privacy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>violate something to damage or destroy a holy or special place Synonym   desecrate<p><i>to violate a grave</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>violate somebody ( )  to force somebody to have sex Synonym   rape</li></ul>

Word: vision

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the ability to see; the area that you can see from a particular position see also  tunnel vision<p><i>to have good/perfect/poor/blurred/normal vision</i></p><p><i> 0–  vision (= the ability to see perfectly)</i></p><p><i>Cats have good night vision .</i></p><p><i>The couple moved outside her field of vision .</i></p><p><i>He glimpsed something on the edge of his vision.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   an idea or a picture in your imagination<p><i>He had a vision of a world in which there would be no wars.</i></p><p><i>I had visions  of us getting hopelessly lost.</i></p><p><i>The word conjures up visions of home and family.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a dream or similar experience, especially of a religious kind<p><i>The idea came to her in a vision.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the ability to think about or plan the future with great imagination and intelligence Synonym   foresight<p><i>a leader of vision</i></p><p><i>He’s a competent politician, but he lacks vision.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a vision (of something) ( )  a person of great beauty or who shows the quality mentioned<p><i>She was a vision in white lace.</i></p><p><i>a vision of loveliness</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the picture on a television or cinema/movie theater screen<p><i>We apologize for the loss of vision.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: adjacent

Meaning: <ul><li>( of an area, a building, a room, etc. )  next to or near something<p><i>The planes landed on adjacent runways.</i></p><p><i><b>adjacent to something </b><br>Our farm land was adjacent to the river.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: albeit

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) although<p><i>He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assemble

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to come together as a group; to bring people or things together as a group<p><i>All the students were asked to assemble in the main hall.</i></p><p><i>She then addressed the assembled company (= all the people there) .</i></p><p><i><b>assemble something </b><br>to assemble evidence/data</i></p><p><i>The manager has assembled a world-class team.</i></p><p><i>He tried to assemble his thoughts.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  transitive   assemble something to fit together all the separate parts of something, for example a piece of furniture Opposite   disassemble<p><i>The shelves are easy to assemble.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: assembly

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a group of people who have been elected to meet together regularly and make decisions or laws for a particular region or country<p><i>state/legislative/federal/local assemblies</i></p><p><i>Power has been handed over to provincial and regional assemblies.</i></p><p><i>The national assembly has voted to adopt the budget.</i></p><p><i>the California Assembly</i></p><p><i>the UN General Assembly</i></p><p><i>assembly elections</i></p><p><i>an elected assembly</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the meeting together of a group of people for a particular purpose; a group of people who meet together for a particular purpose<p><i>They were fighting for freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.</i></p><p><i>He was to address a public assembly on the issue.</i></p><p><i>an assembly point (= a place where people have been asked to meet)</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a meeting of the teachers and students in a school, usually at the start of the day, to give information, discuss school events or say prayers together<p><i>The deputy headmaster was taking (= leading)  school assembly that day.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of putting together the parts of something such as a vehicle or piece of furniture<p><i>Putting the bookcase together should be a simple assembly job.</i></p><p><i>a car assembly plant</i></p><p><i>the correct assembly of the parts</i></p></li></ul>

Word: collapse

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular ,  uncountable   a sudden failure of something, such as an institution, a business or a course of action<p><i>the collapse of law and order in the area</i></p><p><i>The peace talks were on the verge of collapse .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the action of a building suddenly falling<p><i>The walls were strengthened to protect them from collapse.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable ,  usually singular   a medical condition when a person suddenly becomes very ill/sick, or when somebody falls because they are ill/sick or weak<p><i>a state of mental/nervous collapse</i></p><p><i>She was taken to hospital after her collapse at work.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular   a sudden fall in value<p><i>the collapse of share prices/the dollar/the market</i></p></li></ul>

Word: collapse

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to fall down or fall in suddenly, often after breaking apart Synonym   give way<p><i>The roof collapsed under the weight of snow.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to fall down (and usually become unconscious), especially because you are very ill/sick<p><i>He collapsed in the street and died two hours later.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   ( )  to sit or lie down and relax, especially after working hard<p><i>When I get home I like to collapse on the sofa and listen to music.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to fail suddenly or completely Synonym   break down<p><i>Talks between management and unions have collapsed.</i></p><p><i>All opposition to the plan has collapsed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to decrease suddenly in amount or value<p><i>Share prices collapsed after news of poor trading figures.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   collapse (something) to fold something into a shape that uses less space; to be able to be folded in this way Synonym   fold up<p><i>The table collapses for easy storage.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   collapse (something) if a lung or blood vessel  collapses  or is collapsed , it falls in and becomes flat and empty</li></ul>

Word: collapsible

Meaning: <ul><li>that can be folded flat or made into a smaller shape that uses less space<p><i>a collapsible chair/boat/bicycle</i></p></li></ul>

Word: colleague

Meaning: <ul><li>  a person that you work with, especially in a profession or a business<p><i>a colleague of mine from the office</i></p><p><i>We were friends and colleagues for more than   years.</i></p><p><i>the Prime Minister and his Cabinet colleagues</i></p></li></ul>

Word: compilation

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a collection of items, especially pieces of music or writing, taken from different places and put together<p><i>Her latest CD is a compilation of all her best singles.</i></p><p><i>a compilation album</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the process of compiling  something<p><i>the compilation of a dictionary</i></p></li></ul>

Word: compile

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>compile something to produce a book, list, report, etc. by bringing together different items, articles, songs, etc<p><i>We are trying to compile a list of suitable people for the job.</i></p><p><i>The album was compiled from live recordings from last year’s tour.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>compile something ( computing )  to translate instructions from one computer language into another so that a particular computer can understand them</li></ul>

Word: conceivable

Meaning: <ul><li>that you can imagine or believe Synonym   possible    Opposite   inconceivable<p><i>It is conceivable that I’ll see her tomorrow.</i></p><p><i>a beautiful city with buildings of every conceivable age and style</i></p><p><i>The disease could conceivably be transferred to humans.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: conceive

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  transitive   ( )  to form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind; to imagine something<p><i><b>conceive something </b><br>He conceived the idea of transforming the old power station into an arts centre.</i></p><p><i><b>conceive of something (as something) </b><br>God is often conceived of as male.</i></p><p><i><b>conceive (that)… </b><br>I cannot conceive (= I do not believe)  (that) he would wish to harm us.</i></p><p><i><b>conceive what/how, etc… </b><br>I cannot conceive what it must be like.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   when a woman conceives  or conceives a child , she becomes pregnant<p><i>She is unable to conceive.</i></p><p><i><b>conceive something </b><br>Their first child was conceived on their wedding night.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: convince

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to make somebody/yourself believe that something is true<p><i><b>convince somebody/yourself (of something) </b><br>You’ll need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job.</i></p><p><i><b>convince somebody/yourself (that)… </b><br>I’d convinced myself (that) I was right.</i></p><p><i>The experience convinced him that Europe was on the brink of a revolution.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>convince somebody to do something to persuade somebody to do something<p><i>I’ve been trying to convince him to see a doctor.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: convinced

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   completely sure about something Opposite   unconvinced<p><i>Sam nodded but he didn’t look convinced.</i></p><p><i><b>convinced of something </b><br>I am convinced of her innocence.</i></p><p><i><b>convinced that… </b><br>I am convinced that she is innocent.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   believing strongly in a particular religion or set of political ideas<p><i>a convinced Christian</i></p></li></ul>

Word: convincing

Meaning: <ul><li>that makes somebody believe that something is true Opposite   unconvincing<p><i>a convincing argument/explanation/case</i></p><p><i>She sounded very convincing to me (= I believed what she said) .</i></p><p><i>a convincing victory/win (= an easy one)</i></p><p><i>Her case was convincingly argued.</i></p><p><i>They won convincingly.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: depress

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>to make somebody sad and without enthusiasm or hope<p><i><b>depress somebody </b><br>Wet weather always depresses me.</i></p><p><i><b>it depresses somebody to do something </b><br>It depresses me to see so many young girls smoking.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>depress something to make trade, business, etc. less active<p><i>The recession has depressed the housing market.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>depress something to make the value of prices or wages lower<p><i>to depress wages/prices</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>depress something ( )  to press or push something down, especially part of a machine<p><i>to depress the clutch pedal (= when driving) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: depressed

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>very sad and without hope<p><i>She felt very depressed about the future.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>suffering from the medical condition of depression</li><li><b> . </b>( of a place or an industry )  without enough economic activity or jobs for people<p><i>an attempt to bring jobs to depressed areas</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>having a lower amount or level than usual<p><i>depressed prices</i></p></li></ul>

Word: depressing

Meaning: <ul><li>  making you feel very sad and without enthusiasm<p><i>a depressing sight/thought/experience</i></p><p><i>Looking for a job these days can be very depressing.</i></p><p><i>a depressingly familiar experience</i></p></li></ul>

Word: depression

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   a medical condition in which a person feels very sad and anxious and often has physical symptoms  such as being unable to sleep, etc see also  post-natal depression  ,  post-partum depression   ,<p><i>clinical depression</i></p><p><i>She suffered from severe depression after losing her job.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   the state of feeling very sad and without hope<p><i>There was a feeling of gloom and depression in the office when the news of the job cuts was announced.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  uncountable   a period when there is little economic activity and many people are poor or without jobs<p><i>The country was in the grip of (an) economic depression.</i></p><p><i>the great Depression of the     </i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( )  a part of a surface that is lower than the parts around it Synonym   hollow<p><i>Rainwater collects in shallow depressions on the ground.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   ( technical )  a weather condition in which the pressure of the air becomes lower, often causing rain compare  anticyclone<p><i>an atmospheric depression moving east from the Atlantic</i></p></li></ul>

Word: encounter

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a meeting, especially one that is sudden, unexpected or violent<p><i><b>encounter (with somebody/something) </b><br>Three of them were killed in the subsequent encounter with the police.</i></p><p><i><b>encounter (between A and B) </b><br>The story describes the extraordinary encounter between a man and a dolphin.</i></p><p><i>a chance encounter</i></p><p><i>I’ve had a number of close encounters (= situations that could have been dangerous)  with bad drivers.</i></p><p><i>It was his first sexual encounter (= first experience of sex) .</i></p><p><i>Flaubert was her first encounter with French literature.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>a sports match against a particular player or team<p><i>She has beaten her opponent in all of their previous encounters.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  an incident in which police shoot dead a suspected criminal<p><i>The two gangsters were later killed in a police encounter.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: enormity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable   the enormity of something ( of a problem, etc. )  the very great size, effect, etc. of something; the fact of something being very serious<p><i>the enormity of the task</i></p><p><i>People are still coming to terms with the enormity of the disaster.</i></p><p><i>The full enormity of the crime has not yet been revealed.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually plural   ( )  a very serious crime<p><i>the enormities of the Hitler regime</i></p></li></ul>

Word: enormous

Meaning: <ul><li>  extremely large Synonym   huge   ,  immense    ,<p><i>an enormous house/dog</i></p><p><i>an enormous amount  of time</i></p><p><i>enormous interest</i></p><p><i>The problems facing the President are enormous.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: enormously

Meaning: <ul><li>very; very much<p><i>enormously rich/powerful/grateful</i></p><p><i>The price of wine varies enormously depending on where it comes from.</i></p><p><i>She was looking forward to the meeting enormously.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: forthcoming

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   going to happen, be published, etc. very soon<p><i>the forthcoming elections</i></p><p><i>a list of forthcoming books</i></p><p><i>the band’s forthcoming UK tour</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   ready or made available when needed<p><i>Financial support was not forthcoming.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   willing to give information about something Opposite   unforthcoming<p><i>She’s never very forthcoming about her plans.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inclination

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  uncountable ,  countable   a feeling that makes you want to do something<p><i><b>inclination (to do something) </b><br>He did not show the slightest inclination  to leave.</i></p><p><i>My natural inclination  is to find a compromise.</i></p><p><i>She had neither the time nor the inclination to help them.</i></p><p><i><b>inclination (towards/for something) </b><br>She lacked any inclination for housework.</i></p><p><i>He was a loner by nature and by inclination .</i></p><p><i>You must follow your own inclinations when choosing a career.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   inclination to do something a tendency to do something<p><i>There is an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable ,  usually singular ,  uncountable   ( technical )  a degree of sloping<p><i>an inclination of   °</i></p><p><i>the angle of inclination</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a small downward movement, usually of the head</li></ul>

Word: incline

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  a slope<p><i>a steep/slight incline</i></p></li></ul>

Word: inclined

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  not before noun   inclined (to do something) wanting to do something<p><i>She was inclined to trust him.</i></p><p><i>He writes only when he feels inclined to.</i></p><p><i>There’ll be time for a swim if you feel so inclined .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>inclined to do something tending to do something; likely to do something<p><i>He’s inclined to be lazy.</i></p><p><i>They’ll be more inclined to listen if you don’t shout.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>used when you are expressing an opinion but do not want to express it very strongly<p><i>I’m inclined to agree with you.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( used with particular adverbs )  having a natural ability for something; preferring to do something<p><i>musically/academically inclined  children</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>sloping; at an angle</li></ul>

Word: inconceivable

Meaning: <ul><li>impossible to imagine or believe Synonym   unthinkable    Opposite   conceivable<p><i>It is inconceivable that  the minister was not aware of the problem.</i></p><p><i>Then the inconceivable happened—I lost my job.</i></p><p><i>She was inconceivably wealthy.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: integrity

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles<p><i>personal/professional/artistic integrity</i></p><p><i>to behave with integrity</i></p><p><i>a man of great integrity</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  the state of being whole and not divided Synonym   unity<p><i>to respect the territorial integrity of the nation</i></p></li></ul>

Word: intrinsic

Meaning: <ul><li>belonging to or part of the real nature of something/somebody compare  extrinsic<p><i>the intrinsic value of education</i></p><p><i>These tasks were repetitive, lengthy and lacking any intrinsic interest.</i></p><p><i><b>intrinsic to something </b><br>Small local shops are intrinsic to the town’s character.</i></p><p><i>There is nothing intrinsically wrong with the idea (= it is good in itself but there may be outside circumstances which mean it is not suitable) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: invoke

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>invoke something (against somebody) to mention or use a law, rule, etc. as a reason for doing something<p><i>It is unlikely that libel laws will be invoked.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>invoke somebody/something to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas, or as a reason for something<p><i>She invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>invoke something to mention somebody’s name to make people feel a particular thing or act in a particular way<p><i>His name was invoked as a symbol of the revolution.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>invoke somebody to make a request (for help) to somebody, especially a god</li><li><b> . </b>invoke something to make somebody have a particular feeling or imagine a particular scene Synonym   evoke    Help <p><i>The opening paragraph invokes a vision of England in the early Middle Ages.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>invoke something ( computing )  to begin to run a program, etc<p><i>This command will invoke the HELP system.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>invoke somebody/something to make evil appear by using magic</li></ul>

Word: panel

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  countable   a square or rectangular  piece of wood, glass or metal that forms part of a larger surface such as a door or wall see also  solar panel<p><i>One of the glass panels in the front door was cracked.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a piece of metal that forms part of the outer frame of a vehicle</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a piece of cloth that forms part of a piece of clothing<p><i>The trousers have double thickness knee panels for extra protection.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  countable + singular or plural verb   a group of specialists who give their advice or opinion about something; a group of people who discuss topics of interest on television or radio<p><i>an advisory panel</i></p><p><i>a panel of experts</i></p><p><i>We have two politicians on tonight’s panel.</i></p><p><i>a panel discussion</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( jury panel )   countable   ( ) =  jury</li><li><b> . </b>  countable   a flat board in a vehicle or on a piece of machinery where the controls and instruments are fixed<p><i>an instrument panel</i></p><p><i>a control/display panel</i></p></li></ul>

Word: levy

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  ,  levy something (on somebody/something) to use official authority to demand and collect a payment, tax, etc<p><i>a tax levied by the government on excess company profits</i></p></li></ul>

Word: likewise

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>( )  the same; in a similar way<p><i>He voted for the change and he expected his colleagues to do likewise .</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  also<p><i>Her second marriage was likewise unhappy.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  used to show that you feel the same towards somebody or about something<p><i>‘Let me know if you ever need any help.’ ‘Likewise.’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: nonetheless

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) despite this fact Synonym   nevertheless<p><i>The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining.</i></p><p><i>The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: notwithstanding

Meaning: <ul><li>( )  despite this Synonym   however    Synonym   nevertheless<p><i>Notwithstanding, the problem is a significant one.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: odd

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>strange or unusual compare  peculiar<p><i>They’re very odd people.</i></p><p><i>There’s something odd about that man.</i></p><p><i>It’s most odd that (= very odd that)  she hasn’t written.</i></p><p><i>The odd thing  was that he didn’t recognize me.</i></p><p><i>She had the oddest feeling that he was avoiding her.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( in compounds )  strange or unusual in the way mentioned<p><i>an odd-looking house</i></p><p><i>an odd-sounding name</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   ( no comparative or superlative )  happening or appearing occasionally; not very regular or frequent Synonym   occasional<p><i>He makes the odd mistake—nothing too serious.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   ( no comparative or superlative )  of no particular type or size; various<p><i>decorations made of odd scraps of paper</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   ( no comparative or superlative )  not with the pair or set that it belongs to; not matching<p><i>You’re wearing odd socks!</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( no comparative or superlative ) ( of numbers )  that cannot be divided exactly by the number two Opposite   even<p><i> ,  ,   and   are odd numbers.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   available; that somebody can use Synonym   spare<p><i>Could I see you when you’ve got an odd moment ?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( no comparative or superlative; usually placed immediately after a number )  approximately or a little more than the number mentioned<p><i>How old is she—seventy odd?</i></p><p><i>He’s worked there for twenty-odd years.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: odds

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the degree to which something is likely to happen<p><i>The odds are  very much in our favour (= we are likely to succeed) .</i></p><p><i>The odds  are heavily against him (= he is not likely to succeed) .</i></p><p><i>The odds are that (= it is likely that)  she’ll win.</i></p><p><i>What are the odds (= how likely is it)  he won’t turn up?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>something that makes it seem impossible to do or achieve something<p><i>They secured a victory in the face of overwhelming odds.</i></p><p><i>Against all (the) odds , he made a full recovery.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  the connection between two numbers that shows how much money somebody will receive if they win a bet<p><i>odds of ten to one (= ten times the amount of money that has been bet by somebody will be paid to them if they win)</i></p><p><i>They are offering long/short odds (= the prize money will be high/low because there is a high/low risk of losing)  on the defending champion.</i></p><p><i>I’ll lay odds  on him getting the job (= I’m sure he will get it) .</i></p></li></ul>

Word: ongoing

Meaning: <ul><li>  usually before noun   continuing to exist or develop<p><i>an ongoing debate/discussion/process</i></p><p><i>The police investigation is ongoing.</i></p><p><i>Training is part of our ongoing career development program.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: panel

Meaning: <ul><li>,  ,  ,    usually passive   panel something to cover or decorate a surface with flat strips of wood, glass, etc<p><i>The walls were panelled in oak.</i></p><p><i>a glass-/wood-panelled  door</i></p></li></ul>

Word: panelling

Meaning: <ul><li>( )   uncountable   square or rectangular  pieces of wood used to cover and decorate walls, ceilings, etc<p><i>The room still has all its original oak panelling.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: persist

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  intransitive ,  transitive   to continue to do something despite difficulties or opposition, in a way that can seem unreasonable<p><i><b>persist (in doing something) </b><br>Why do you persist in blaming yourself for what happened?</i></p><p><i><b>persist (in something) </b><br>She persisted in her search for the truth.</i></p><p><i><b>persist (with something) </b><br>He persisted with his questioning.</i></p><p><i><b>+ speech </b><br>‘So, did you agree or not?’ he persisted.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  intransitive   to continue to exist<p><i>The belief that the earth was flat persisted for many centuries.</i></p><p><i>If the symptoms persist, consult your doctor.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: persistence

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>the fact of continuing to try to do something despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonable<p><i>His persistence was finally rewarded when the insurance company agreed to pay for the damage.</i></p><p><i>It was her sheer persistence that wore them down in the end.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>the state of continuing to exist for a long period of time<p><i>the persistence of unemployment in the      and     </i></p></li></ul>

Word: persistent

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>determined to do something despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonable<p><i>How do you deal with persistent salesmen who won’t take no for an answer?</i></p><p><i>a persistent offender (= a person who continues to commit crimes after they have been caught and punished)</i></p><p><i>She can be very persistent when she wants something.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>continuing for a long period of time without interruption, or repeated frequently, especially in a way that is annoying and cannot be stopped Synonym   unrelenting<p><i>persistent rain</i></p><p><i>a persistent cough</i></p><p><i>I can’t take much more of this persistent criticism.</i></p><p><i>He resigned over persistent rumours of his affair with an actress.</i></p><p><i>Famine is a persistent problem in many parts of the world.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: pose

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>a particular position in which somebody stands, sits, etc, especially in order to be painted, drawn or photographed<p><i>He adopted a relaxed pose for the camera.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( )  a way of behaving that is not sincere and is only intended to impress other people Synonym   affectation<p><i>This show of concern is just a pose.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: reluctant

Meaning: <ul><li>hesitating before doing something because you do not want to do it or because you are not sure that it is the right thing to do   uncountable ,  singular  <p><i>reluctant agreement</i></p><p><i><b>reluctant (to do something) </b><br>She was reluctant to admit she was wrong.</i></p><p><i>He finally gave a reluctant smile.</i></p><p><i>a reluctant hero (= a person who does not want to be called a hero)</i></p><p><i><b>reluctance (to do something) </b><br>There is still some reluctance on the part of employers to become involved in this project.</i></p><p><i>They finally agreed to our terms with a certain reluctance.</i></p><p><i>It was with great reluctance that she took early retirement.</i></p><p><i>We reluctantly agreed to go with her.</i></p><p><i>Reluctantly, he started the engine and drove off.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: so-called

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>  only before noun   used to show that you do not think that the word or phrase that is being used to describe somebody/something is appropriate<p><i>the opinion of a so-called ‘expert’</i></p><p><i>How have these so-called improvements helped the local community?</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>  usually before noun   used to introduce the word that people usually use to describe something<p><i>artists from the so-called ‘School of London’</i></p></li></ul>

Word: straightforward

Meaning: <ul><li><b> . </b>easy to do or to understand; not complicated Synonym   easy<p><i>a straightforward process</i></p><p><i>It’s quite straightforward to get here.</i></p></li><li><b> . </b>( of a person or their behaviour )  honest and open; not trying to trick somebody or hide something</li></ul>

Word: unconvinced

Meaning: <ul><li>not believing or not certain about something despite what you have been told Opposite   convinced<p><i><b>unconvinced (of something) </b><br>I remain unconvinced  of the need for change.</i></p><p><i><b>unconvinced (by something) </b><br>She seemed unconvinced by their promises.</i></p><p><i><b>unconvinced (that…) </b><br>The jury were unconvinced that he was innocent.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: undergo

Meaning: <ul><li>undergo something to experience something, especially a change or something unpleasant<p><i>to undergo tests/trials/repairs</i></p><p><i>My mother underwent  major surgery  last year.</i></p><p><i>Some children undergo a  complete transformation  when they become teenagers.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: whereby

Meaning: <ul><li>( ) by which; because of which<p><i>They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training.</i></p></li></ul>

Word: from time to time

Meaning: sometimes but not often

Word: the right time … on time

Meaning: at the planned time; neither late nor early

Word: save time

Meaning: Spent less time

Word: at times

Meaning: Occasionally

Word: By the time

Meaning: None

Word: in time

Meaning: with enough time to spare; before the last moment

Word: took so long

Meaning: Long period of time to finish something

Word: lose track of time

Meaning: to be unaware of what time it is

Word: time-consuming

Meaning: taking a lot of or too much time

Word: take your time

Meaning: to not hurry

Word: spend time

Meaning: Using period of time for doing something

Word: You can say that again!

Meaning: I totally agree with you

Word: having said that

Meaning: despite this

Word: there is something to be said for

Meaning: It has some advantages

Word: to say the least

Meaning: it is in fact even more important than I have just said

Word: When all is said and done

Meaning: After everything else; remember this

Word: Needless to say

Meaning: This is to be totally expected

Word: That is to say

Meaning: In other words

Word: have a say

Meaning: be involved in making a decision

Word: The Environment

Meaning: The air, water and land in or on which people, animals and plants live.

Word: Climate

Meaning: The weather conditions generally present in an area or over a long period.

Word: Climate Change

Meaning: The change in global climate patterns which appeared from the mid to late  0th century onwards, caused mainly by the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Word: Carbon Dioxide (CO )

Meaning: The gas formed when carbon is burned, or when people or animals breathe out.

Word: Fossil Fuels

Meaning: A natural fuel such as coal, gas, or oil formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

Word: Global Warming

Meaning: A gradual rise in the world&#  ;s temperatures caused by polluting gases such as carbon dioxide which are collecting in the air around the Earth and preventing heat escaping into space.

Word: Deforestation

Meaning: Cutting down and clearing areas of forest.

Word: Habitat

Meaning: The natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives.

Word: Ecosystem

Meaning: All the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the environment.

Word: Biodiversity

Meaning: The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable.

Word: Contamination

Meaning: To make something less pure by exposing it to poisonous or polluting substances.

Word: Toxic / Toxin

Meaning: Poisonous / A poisonous substance

Word: Waste

Meaning: A material or substance which is eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or required after the completion of a process

Word: Emission

Meaning: The production and discharge of something.

Word: Erosion

Meaning: To graually reduce or destroy

Word: Drought

Meaning: A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.

Word: Pollution

Meaning: <p>Damage caused to water, air, land etc. by harmful substances or waste.</p>

Word: The Arts

Meaning: Art forms created by humans, divided into visual, literary, and performing.

Word: Musical

Meaning: A play or film in which part of the story is sung to music

Word: Opera

Meaning: An art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and music, usually in a theatre.

Word: Theatre

Meaning: A building, room, or outside structure with rows of seats, each row usually higher than the one in front, from which people can watch a performance or other activity.

Word: Performance

Meaning: A show or action involving the entertaining of other people by dancing, singing, acting, or playing music.

Word: Festival

Meaning: An organized set of special events, such as musical, art or film performances.

Word: Sculpture

Meaning: The art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood.

Word: Inspired

Meaning: To be filled with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative.

Word: Artefact

Meaning: An object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration, especially one that is of historical interest.

Word: Choreograph

Meaning: Compose the sequence of steps and moves for a ballet or other performance of dance.

Word: hang out

Meaning: spend time relaxing (informal)

Word: catch up with

Meaning: Meet someone after a period of time and find out what they have been doing

Word: cut down/back on

Meaning: Reducegive (something) up Quit / stop doing it

Word: cut out

Meaning: Stop eating something (permanently or for a long time)

Word: find out

Meaning: Discover

Word: get along/on

Meaning: Like each other

Word: fall out

Meaning: Argue and be on bad terms with someone

Word: clean up

Meaning: Tidy / Clean

Word: come across

Meaning: Find something unexpectedly

Word: hand (something) in

Meaning: Submit

Word: get away with (something)

Meaning: Do something without being noticed or punished

Word: keep up with

Meaning: Continue at the same rate

Word: end up

Meaning: To become eventually; turn out to be

Word: fall behind

Meaning: To fail to keep up a pace; lag behind

Word: drop out

Meaning: Quit a class, school, university&hellip;

Word: look back on

Meaning: Think about something that happened in the past

Word: put forward

Meaning: Suggest or state the case for something

Word: pull out of

Meaning: To stop being a part of something

Word: get something across/over

Meaning: Make understandable or communicate

Word: get around

Meaning: To have mobility

Word: get away

Meaning: To go on holiday / vacation

Word: get back at someone

Meaning: To get revenge

Word: get back into

Meaning: Become interested in something again

Word: get by

Meaning: To have just enough of something such as money or knowledge

Word: get down to

Meaning: Start doing something seriously or with a lot of effort

Word: get over something

Meaning: Recover from something, like an illness or a problem

Word: get round to something

Meaning: To find time to do something

Word: get through

Meaning: To survive something

Word: get together

Meaning: Social meeting

Word: get up

Meaning: Get out of bed

Word: Overweight

Meaning: Fat

Word: Obesity

Meaning: Extrememly fat or overweight.

Word: Eating Disorder

Meaning: A mental illness in which people eat far too little or far too much food and are unhappy with their bodies.

Word: Nutrients

Meaning: Any substance which plants or animals need in order to live and grow.

Word: Diet

Meaning: The food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group.

Word: Overeating

Meaning: Eating more than your body needs.

Word: Ingredients

Meaning: A food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish.

Word: Allergy

Meaning: A condition that makes a person become ill or develop skin or breathing problems because they have eaten certain foods or been near certain substances.

Word: Additive

Meaning: A substance which is added to food in order to improve its taste or appearance or to preserve it.

Word: Prevent

Meaning: To stop something from happening.

Word: Variety

Meaning: Often changing and being different.

Word: Regular

Meaning: Happening or doing something often.

Word: Vitamins

Meaning: Any of a group of natural substances which are necessary in small amounts for the growth and good health of the body.

Word: Diabetes

Meaning: A disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood.

Word: Health

Meaning: The condition of the body and the degree to which it is free from illness, or the state of being well.

Word: Punish

Meaning: To cause someone who has done something wrong or committed a crime to suffer, by hurting them, forcing them to pay money, sending them to prison

Word: Prevention

Meaning: When you stop something from happening or stop someone from doing something.

Word: Criminal

Meaning: A person who commits a crime.

Word: Imprisonment

Meaning: Being put in prison.

Word: Community Service

Meaning: Work that people do to help other people without payment, and which young criminals whose crime was not serious enough for them to be put in prison are sometimes ordered to do.

Word: Justice

Meaning: Fairness in the way people are dealt with.

Word: Victim

Meaning: Someone who has suffered because of the actions of someone else.

Word: Atmosphere

Meaning: the mixture of gases that surround the Earth

Word: Biodegradable

Meaning: materials and chemicals that are biodegradable are changed naturally by bacteria into substances that do not harm the environment